PSYCH 150 1st Edition Lecture 17Outline of Last Lecture II. Social perception (attribution and attitudes)III. Attributions (situational and dispositional)a. Attributional biasesIV. Components of attitudesa. Forming attitudesb. Changing attitudesc. Cognitive dissonance theoryV. Key to interpersonal attractiona. Mere exposure effect (proximity)b. Similarityc. Physical apperanceVI. Social influence (social norms)a. Conformity and complianceb. Sherif’s and ach’s experimentsc. Compliance techniquesd. Obedience (milgram test)VII. Group behaviora. Social facilitationb. Social loafingc. Group polarizationd. groupthinkOutline of Current Lecture VIII. learninga. classical conditioningi. timingii. treatment of fearsb. operant conditioningc. reinforcement d. cognigtive learninge. observational learningCurrent LectureThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- What is learningo Reinforcemento Antecedentso Consequenceso Operant vs. classical conditioning Operant= approved response rewarded with reinforcement  Classical= response is just acknowledged - Principals of classical conditioning: timingo Higher- order conditioningo Changing conditioned responses Extinction= when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears Sponatious recovery= the re-emergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest Stimulus generalization= occurs when a conditioned response follows a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus Stimulus discrimination= ability to differentiate between stimuli- Generalization and discriminationo Biological preparedness: classic taste aversion study (garcia and Koelling)o John B. Watson: learning emotional responses thru classical conditioning Classical conditioning of fear- Classical conditioning: treatment of fearso Extinction Exposure therapies- Flooding- Systematic desensitization- Pair CS with relaxationo Treatment for enuresis (bet wetting) UCS? (alarm) UCR? (awakening) CS?( full bladder) CR? (awakening to full bladder)o Advertising  Product and attractive individual/ situation are presented at the same time= positive emotional response- Operant conditioningo Thorndike and the puzzle box Trial and error learning o Skinner and operant learning Skinner defined operant learning as- Voluntary and goal directed- Controlled by its consequences- strengthened if rewarded or weakened if punishedo Basic components of operant conditioning: reinforcement Behavior followed by reinforcement increases chances of behavior wanted- Reinforcemento Primary and conditioned (secondary reinforcement)o Schedules of reinforcement  Partial vs. continuous reinforcement Partial reinforcement- Fixed ratio schedule= reinforcement depends on a definite number of responses activity slows after reinforcement and then picks up.- Variable-ratio schedule= number or responses needed for reinforcementvaries greatest activity of all schedule results- Fixed-interval schedule= reinforcement depends on fixed time activityincreases as deadline nears- Variable- interval schedule= time between reinforcement varies steady activity results- Operant conditioning: related conceptso Shaping Successive approximationso Superstitious behavioro Extinctiono Discriminated stimulus- Immediacy of reinforcemento Reward most effective after correct behavior was shown- Cognitive learning= role of thinking, knowing, anticipating, or other higher mental processes in learningo Insight learning Sudden realization of how to solve problemo Latent learning Learning that is hidden until it is reinforcedo Observational learning Learning from watching others- Observational learningo Learning does not require direct experienceo Distinction between learning and performing Reinforcement is not necessary for learning, but influences whether learned behavior is