Psych 150 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 12Groups of personality theories – different approaches try to do different thingsA. Psychoanalytic perspective – originated with Freud1. Key assumptionsa. The most important causes of behavior are motives, especially unconscious motivesb. Personality is determined by the interplay of inner conflicts & their resolutionc. Personality is set by adolescence 2. Three levels of awarenessa. Consciousb. Preconsciousc. Unconscious3. Three systems of personalitya. Idi. Pleasure principleb. Egoi. Reality principlec. Superegoi. Conscience ii. Ideal4. Defense mechanisms a. Repressionb. Denialc. Projectiond. Reaction formatione. Regressionf. Displacementg. Identification5. Psychosexual developmenta. Fixationb. Oral stage (birth to 18 months)i. part of the body that provides pleasurable sensations = Mouth- oral gratification from suckling, eating, bitingii. major conflict at this stage? - weaning iii. adult traits associated with problems at this stage - optimism, gullibility, dependency vs. pessimism, passivity, hostility, etc.c. Anal stage (18 months to 36 months)i. part of the body that provides pleasurable sensations = Anus- gratification from expelling & withholding fecesii. major conflict at this stage? - toilet trainingiii. adult traits associated with problems at this stage - anal-expulsive traits: messiness, carelessness, etc.- anal-retentive traits: excessive cleanliness, orderliness, perfectionism, etc.d. Phallic stage (3 to 6 yrs)i. part of the body that provides pleasurable sensations = Genitals- sexual curiosity- masturbationii. major conflict at this stage? - Oedipus complex & castration anxiety (for boys)- Electra complex & penis envy (for girls)iii. adult traits associated with problems at this stage - girls: flirtatiousness, promiscuity, chastity- boys: macho/aggressive sexuality, excessive career/power striving vs. sexual/occupational impotencee. Latency stage (5 or 6 to puberty)i. part of the body that provides pleasurable sensations = dormant sexual feelingsii. conflicts/experiences - Period of sexual calm- Interest in school, hobbies, same-sex friendsf. Genital stage (from puberty on)i. part of the body that provides pleasurable sensations = Genitalsii. conflicts/experiences- Revival of sexual interests- Establishment of mature sexual relationshipsB. The Neo-Freudians1. Carl Jung & Analytical psychologya. Components of personality i. Egoii. Personal unconsciousiii. Collective unconsciousb. Archetypesi. Anima (female component of the male psyche)ii. Animus (male component of the female psyche)iii. The Shadowiv. The Personav. The Self2. Alfred Adler & Individual psychologya. Main contributionsi. Inferiority complexii. Creative selfiii. Sibling rivalryiv. Birth order- Oldest children tend to be leaders- Middle children tend to be “relaxed negotiators”- Youngest children tend to be manipulative & charming- Only children tend to be perfectionistsb. Real or perceived inferiority leads to compensatory process3. Karen Horney a. Argued that little girls do not feel inferior to boys (because they have a penis)b. Social relationship more important than unconscious sexual/aggressive impulses4. Erik Eriksona. Theory of psychosocial development i. 8 psychosocial stages of growth- First year: Trust vs. Mistrust - Early childhood: Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt- Preschool: Initiative vs. Guilt - School age: Industry vs. Authority - Adolescence: Identity vs. Role Confusion - Young adulthood: Intimacy vs. Isolation - Adulthood: Generativity vs. Stagnation- Old age: Ego Integrity vs. Despairb. Ego identity C. Learning theories 1. Behavior theory (AKA “behaviorism”) – situational or environmental influences shape personality (NOT internal, individual variables)2. Social cognitive theory – Albert Banduraa. Person variables (within the person such as knowledge, skills, emotions, plans) vs. Situation variables (rewards vs. punishments)b. Self-efficacy expectationsD. Humanistic personality theories1. Carl Rogers & Self theory a. Unconditional positive regard b. Conditional positive regard & Conditions of worthc. Two types of personalitiesi. Fully functioning person: self-actualizing with a positive self-conceptii. Maladjusted person: not self-actualizing with a negative self-conceptd. Incongruence vs. congruencee. Goal is to move toward congruence between real self, ideal self & self concept2. Abraham Maslowa. Self-actualization: primary motivation for healthy individualb. Maslow’s hierarchy of needsi. bottom of triangle = basic needs (physiological or survival needs)ii. safety needsiii. love, affection, and belongingness needsiv. esteem needs` v. top of triangle: need for self-actualizationc. An individual cannot satisfy any level unless the needs below are satisfiedd. Need for self-actualization is a healthy individual’s prime motivationE. Trait theories1. Traits2. Two key themesa. people display consistency in their actions, thoughts & feelingsb. people differ from each other in many ways3. How many traits are there?a. Allport (1930s) = infiniteb. Cattell (1960s) = 16 factorsc. Costa & McCrae (1990s) = 5 factors (Five factor theory or “Big Five” = O.C.E.A.N.)i. Extraversion (E) – degree of interpersonal interaction/activity levelii. Neuroticism (N) – degree of emotional stabilityiii. Agreeableness (A) – quality of interpersonal orientationiv. Conscientiousness (C) – degree of organization, goal-orientationv. Openness to experience (O) – Preference for exploration, tolerance of the unfamiliard. Hans Eysenck’s Trait theoryi. Focused on 2 personality traits/dimensions: -Introversion vs. extraversion-Emotional stability vs. instabilityF. Sociocultural Perspective1. Individualist (person who defines self in terms of personal traits; gives priority to his/her own goals) vs. Collectivist (person who defines self in terms of relationships to other people & groups; gives priority to group goals) 2. AcculturationII. Personality Assessment (measurement of personality)A. Projective tests (“Psychological X-ray”)1. Preferred method of assessment for: Psychoanalytic theories2. Rorschach’s Inkblot test – most widely used projective test3. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) B. Objective tests1. Preferred method of assessment for: Trait & humanistic theories 2. NEO-PI (assesses Big Five Factor Model)3. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)a. Goal is to assess psychiatric problems &