IE 116 1st Edition Lecture 25Outline of Last Lecture Invasive species and weedsTerms a. Weedsb. Noxious Weedsc. Exoticd. InvasiveConceptsa. Steps to exotic invasionb. From exotic to invasiveHuman involvementa. Transportationb. EstablishmentWhat makes a species invasive?a. Species traitsb. Enemy Release Hypothesisc. Ecosystem ModificationImpacts of invasive speciesa. Competitionb. Alter Ecosystemc. EconomicsManagement Effortsa. Chemicalb. Mechanicalc. Biologicald. CulturalDebate a. Goodb. BadOutline of Current Lecture Poppies (Papaveraceae)I. BiologyII. Opium Poppy a. Historyb. What is Opium?III. Wara. Alexander the Greatb. 1800sc. American Civil WarIV. Look at the Drugsa. Alkaloidsb. Mixturesc. HeroineCurrent LectureI. Biology- 250 Species- Large variation in color- 4-8 pedals, broad – skinny, etc- Produce a milky latexo Laticiferous Plants: plants that produce milky latex, which may be white, yellow or red.- Almost ALL produce some type of alkaloids as defense. Deter Herbivory, except MonarchButterflieso Mexican Prickly Poppy: Can cause glaucoma, heart disease, etc. o Snowball through food chainII. Opium Poppya. Historyo Due to intense selection, origination MIGHT be in Middle East.o Don’t know what original Poppy looks like.o First KNOWN area of cultivation was in Mesopotamia by the Sumerians to Syrians, to Egypt. “Hul Gil” or the joy planto In running for first medicinal planto Analgesic (Pain Killer)o Panacea (Cure-all)- Egypto Power of the flower was thought to be in its scent. “Bewitched by the bright and smelly flowers” Wizard of Ozb. What is Opium?- Opium: Is the dried latex obtained from opium poppies. - Contains Morphine (from Morpheus, the god of sleep and dreams) and Codeine.- As early as 1500 BC, sap is collected, dried, re-dissolved in water, impurities were removed, and dried again.- An acre can get you 3-5 Kilograms of opiumo A LOT of hand labor and time- Many Arabic and Greek physicians also recognized the plant was addictive and recommended to only be used sparingly.- Hippocrates: Supposedly quoted “none is so universal as opium” Also on the addictive quality. Worse than infection to cure.III. War- Opium blocks pain and makes you feel calm and relaxed.- Symptoms rather than causes- A “MIRACLE DRUG” It does make you feel better for a while.a. Alexander the Great- Went through lots of places overthrowing Persian Empire, 10 years of war. Finally invaded India because of mutiny from troops. o Rationed out Opium- ~42,000 ish troops- ~22,000 ish miles traveled- ~2,000,000 ish square miles conqueredo Opium calmed mental problems, physical problems, dulled senses.b. 1800s- Doled out in Black Death and plague etc.- IN 1844: Created the Hollow Needle- IN 1853: Syringe with a needle fine enough to pierce skin.o Thought it would end all addiction. Believed the addiction was created in the stomach, unfortunately, the first fatality of OD of opium was Wood’s wife.c. American Civil War- A good doctor was a fast doctor.- Amputation was most common.- Mortality was greater than 50% if not amputated within 24 hours.o Opium really quickly numbed the paino Soldiers Disease: Those returning soldiers that were addicted (most of them were) d. Afghanistan and the war on drugs- Always a high amount of opium use, it raised through time particularly with the Taliban- Massive drop in 2001 – due to Islamic leader declaring poppies were un-Islamic. But stopped next year.- 2001 – UK leads narcotic issues with Afghanistan. Didn’t work.o SAFFRON FOR POPPY – Trying and it’s good.- In 2011, opium is still six times more profitable than wheat.IV. Look at the druga. Alkaloids- Morphine and Codeine: Targets endorphins. Makes you feel good.b. Mixtures- Opium mixed with alcoholo Laudanumo Soothing syrup – 65 mg of opium per ounce- 1806: Morphine was discovered and within a few years started being used instead of opium. Thought it was a cure for opium addiction.o Turns out morphine is more addictive that both. Lots of “easy” cures. Possibly Heroine- Heroine substitute for Morphine, but more addictive still.- Women were targeted. c. Heroine- Developed as a non-addictive substitute for morphine as a cough-suppressant.- 2 times more addictive and potent than morphine.Extra: Eating poppy seeds WILL NOT test positive for opium