IE 116 1st Edition Lecture 17Outline of Last Lecture ChocolateI.Biologya. Growing conditionsb.From pod to LiquorII. Historya.Olmecb.Mayanc.AztecIII.4 theories of AddictionOutline of Current Lecture CoffeeI. History a. DiscoveryII. Biologya. Growthb. Parts of Fruitc. Types and Differencesd. Types of GrowthIII. Pests of CoffeeIV. Health and Coffeea. Less Likely to Haveb. Has Shown Toc. Why?d. Disadvantagese. Fun FactsCurrent LectureI. History- Most traded good in the worlda. Discovery- Found in Ethiopia in 9th centuryo Noticed goats became perky after eating coffee beans.o Monks said it was devil foodo Threw it in fireo Noticed aroma and fell in love.- From Ethiopia traded to entire Turkish Empire, main import in Mocha, Yemen.o Smuggled out and grew in India, then to Dutch, then to Sri Lanka, and through Indonesia.o From there, 19th century, it was spread everywhere else.- 17th century Britain, women were not allowed to attend coffee shops.o Women stated coffee created impotence in their men.o 1773 – Boston Tea Partyo Tea was taxed hardest, and there was a 7 fold increase in coffee sales.- 20th century – “drug” of choice.o First Starbucks opened in 1971.- In Starbucks:o Beans are cleanedo Roasted like a dryer 12-15 minutes 350-450 degrees fo Cooled through stirred cooling panII. BIOLOGY a. Growth of Genus: Coffea- Understory tree, shade adaptive- Grows best in alkaline soils- 20-30 years- Grows in continuous cycle- Flowers, greens, ripe fruit at 3 years.- Each berry has 2 seeds in it, which is the bean. Called the “DRUP” B. Parts of the coffee fruit- Exocarp = skin- Mesocarp = Flesh’- Endocarp = around seed- Silverskin = seed coat- Endosperm = flavor of coffee C. Types and DifferencesCoffea Arabica (Arabica) CoffeaCanephora (Robusta Coffee)2/3 production 1/3 ProductionSelf-pollinated Cross-pollinatedLower Yield Higher YieldBetter/Smoother taste Harsher/More bitter tastePrefers cooler temperatures Warm TolerantLarger SmallerSusceptible to Pests Pest repellantNot much attention needed Lots of attention neededLess caffeine More caffeine- Why Caffeine?o Pest repellant – tobacco cutworm repellant D. Types of Growth- Shade Growno Traditional as understoryo Provide diverse habitato 150 species of birdso 27 species of ants and 126 species of beetles in a shaded coffee plantation in Costa Ricao Variety of animals.o Self-Sustaining Habitat Minimal need for pesticides and fertilizers- Sun growno Started getting “Leaf Rust” and humans removed the shade.o Increased fertilizers, fungicides, etc.o MONOCULTURE: soil erosion and soil acidity- USDA Organic = no pesticides, chemical fertilizers, or GMO seeds- Fair trade = paid fair wage- Bird friendly and rainforest alliance = coffee was grown using traditional methods so rainforest trees are preserved rather than clear cut.- Kopi Luwako Cat like animal in Indonesiao Eat best seedso Poop out beanso Incredibly smooth and chocolateyo Over $180 lbo Most delicious and coveted coffeeIII. Pests of Coffeea. Coffee Berry Borer (HypothenemusHampei)- Goes into seed, lay eggs and larva eat insides.o Ants (Azteca instabilis) – keep one scale safe and get rid of the borer Very successful mutualism- Sun grown gets rid of mutualism and kills everythingIV. Health and Coffee a. Less likely to have- Type 2 diabetes- Dementia- Parkinson’s disease – thanks to caffeine- Certain cancers – Head and Neck- Strokes- Heart rhythm problems- Gallstones- Liver cirrhosis b. Has shown to- Enhance athletic performance- Reduce depression in children- Release antioxidants- Improve glucose metabolismb. Why?- Caffeine MOSTLYo 3 ½ times more caffeine than tea of chocolateo Most pain relievers have high amounts of caffeine d. Disadvantages- Can cause nervousness, hand trembling, rapid heartbeat- Increase cholesterol, and chance of artery clogging e. Fun facts- General consensus = more good than bad.- North America consumes about 40