IE 116 1st Edition Lecture 27Outline of Last Lecture Natural Fibers I. Natural clothesII. What makes a “usable” natural fiber?a. Bast fiberb. Other natural fibersc. Why isn’t linin in our everyday lives?III. Cottona. Productionb. Biologyc. Problemsd. Sally Foxe. Pros of naturalf. Cons of naturalOutline of Current Lecture Tree ProductsI. Corka. Infob. Retrievalc. Why cork?d. TCAII. Maple Syrupa. Maple Treesb. Sugar Maplec. Sugar Gradesd. Processe. Maple syrup and Abolitionf. Cost and Imitationsg. Summer 2012III. Papera. Infob. Productionc. Environmental issuesd. Environmental Saving ideasIV. Palm Oila. African Palm OilThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. Processc. UsesCurrent LectureI. Corka. Info- Used to use oil soaked rags.- Made from Cork Oak- Evergreen- Native to Southwest Europe and Northwest Africa- ~340,000 tons every year, mostly from Portugalb. Retrieval- Virgin cork – 25 years – lower quality- Secondary cork – 35 years – higher quality- Highest paid job – all by hand – 100 euros a dayc. Why cork?- 60% goes to cork stoppers- ALL by-products are used for other thingso shoes, Bards, watches, etc- Conserves flavor- Expands in bottled. TCA- Bad chemicalo Gastroentography? Sophisticated control.- Cork Taint – Alcohol spoilage – bad tastes and smellso 2,4,6 TCAo Present in the cork tree before harvestingo Sprayed by pesticides, fungus grows and produces in tree bark- Nano grams of TCA can lead t tainted wine- Occurs in .7-7% of wine- Harmless to Humans- Synthetic corks: potentially allows air, chemical taste, but less chance of tcaII. Maple Syrupa. Maple Trees- 130 types of maple trees- Acer Saccarum – sugar maple- Rubrum – Red maple- Nigrum- Black mapleb. Sugar Maple- 35 feet tallo Double samara leafs- Twist and fall downc. Syrup Grades- A and B- Not quality, but flavor and intensity- A – Light amber (fancy) - B – Darker (cooking) intense- Labeling is so important – if you mislabel, you could be finedd. Process- Old fashioned: o over 2000 buckets of syrup slowly leaking out of trees “Maple water”o Boiled, wood fire, slowly, 40 liters of sap for 1 liter of syrupo Cooled and ready to eat- Native American cultureo Celebrated Sugar Moono Used in place of salto Algonquians harvested sap with stone tools, reeds and birch bark buckets. Heated rocks or freeze overnight- European settlerso Gathered sap, boiled in sugar shacko VERY COMMON IN 17th AND 18TH CENTURY: could grow it anywheree. Maple syrup and Abolition- Benjamin Rusho Outspoken abolitionisto 1788 – advantages of culture of sugar maple treeo 1789 – Switch to syrup rather than cane sugar = less need for slaves, thus abolishment- Thomas Jeffersono Agrees, easy and great, a child can do it, renders slaves unnecessaryo Wanted a sugar and apple orchard, and thinks that’s all they needed. Alcohol and sweetnesso Didn’t gain a footholdo Sugar beet interested him moref. Cost and imitations- $37 for 1 gallon on the US.- World’s largest producer of maple syrup: Quebec 7.3 million gallons, Vermont 75,000 gallons follows- High fructose corn syrupo Waffles, tables, Mrs.Butterworth’s, pancake syrup.o Tapped by gathering “telephone poles”g. Summer 2012 – theft of Syrupa. 10 million pounds – 30 million dollarsb. Went missingc. Found 2/3 not all.d. 26 people arrested – 2 plead guilty – 3 droppede. 18 million never foundIII. Papera. Info- Early paper was made of: Cloth- 105 BCE - CaiLun: mixture of rags and garbage in China- 8th century – Islamic world: refined process- 19th century – Europeans developed FOURDRINIER Machine Continuous rolls of paper- 1844 – Charles Fenerty: Bleached wood pulp, instead of ragsb. production- Maple, birch, and poplar, 2 tons of wood= 1 ton of paste = 1 log 15 packages of copy papero Bark burned for steamo Debarked logs reduced into kindling 30,000 tonso Washed and cooked in 158 Degrees Centigradeo Lignifiedo Black liqueur burnedo Brown paste Is bleached,o Water is drawn out by breakingo Pressed quicklyo Scanned for anomalyo Rolled into spools 35 tons, 60 kilometers of papero Cut and shipped.o 55000 sheets per minute- Until 2009, US was largest producer (75,000 tons)- China is not largest (99,300 tons)c. Environmental issues: - Deforestationo 40% of cuts are used for paper- Climate changeo 4h largest user of energyo Emits methane in trash- Watero Huge input of watero Mills discharge toxic pollutantsd. Environment Saving Ideas- Recycling decreases pollution and deforestationIV. Palm Oila. African Oil Palmo Not technically a treeo Africa, central Asia, and western Africab. Process- Bunches of fruits by hands- Sterilized by cooked and steamed for 100 minutes- Threshed - stripped- Pressed- Oil is clarified, purified, packagedc. Uses- Lipstick, pizza dough, noodles, shampoo, ice cream, detergent, margarine, chocolate, cookies, biodiesel, soap, packaged bread, USUALLY in Big brands- Issues: Deforestation, soil erosion, human displacement, - Solutions: Round table on Sustainable palm oilo Effective zoning, former agricultural lands, smaller mills, more efficient irrigation, methane or solar