IE 116 1st Edition Lecture 10Outline of Last Lecture I. Apple EconomicsII. Apple BiologyIII. Apple OriginsIV. Apples and HealthV. Apple History in AmericaOutline of Current Lecture I. EconomicsII. Banana Biologya. ReproductionIII. Historya. Spreadb. Modern erac. DiseasesCurrent LectureI. Economics- 16.5 million metric tons in 2012, global gross exporto US imports average $984 milliono Most common consumed fruits in US. 7.6 billion lbs. ~25 lbs. per person.- Cavendish bananas ONLYo Main export from Ecuador, but started in Costa Rica- In the last 10 years, 15 billion dollar increase in importing.II. Biology (Musa Acuminata and Musa Balbisiana)a. Musa Acuminata: Most common, first domesticated for fiber- Not trees, but are giant herbs o Pseudo stem or “false stem”o 20-25 feet tall- Fruit produced from an inflorescence (Banana Heart)o ~6-450 bananaso As soon as it produces its fruit, the entire plant dies. PROBLEMReproductiono Usually reproduce by seed, and (mostly) inedible. Too many seeds.o Edible bananas result from parthenocarpic fruito Parthenocarpy is the natural or artificially induced sterilization.o FEMALE sterile- Wild seeded bananas produced a mutated seedless banana.o Chosen by humans and maintained by Vegetative Propagationo Monoculture, a genetic crop clone- Vegetative propagation (Sucker propagation)o The sucker plant is genetically identical to the mother planto Harvested after picking bananas then transplanted to produce another plant.- Although seedless bananas are sterile, they may produce some viable pollen.o Pollen may then cross with wild bananas and grow more banana cultivars.- Triploid bananaso Female and male sterile, no seeds, no pollen.o Larger individual fruito Higher overall yieldo Most banana cultivars are triploid.III. History- Found in New Guinea- Moved to India and so on.Spread- As M. acuminate spread, it hybridized with M. Balbisiana.o AA (M.a M.a) Diploid Fem Sterileo AB (M.a M.b) Diploid Fem Sterileo AAB (M.a M.a M.b) Triploid Sterileo ABB (M.a M.b M.b) Triploid SterileThe Modern Era- By the mid-16th century, bananas moved around the world.- By mid-19th century, they were a luxury food item.- Still highly dependent on the Apple.Minor Keith- IN 1871, signed a contract with Costa Rica to complete a nearly 100 mile railway linking the mountains to the coast.- Around 4,000 people died while building the first 25 miles of track. Including 3 brothers.- Put him in a nice spot, but slave labor from Africa and Asia. - Took 19 years to build 97 miles of track. - 1882 – Costa Rica defaulted on payments, Minor dropped interest and helped with money- In return they gave him a lot of land and railroad rights.o He had a monopoly and used his land to grow bananas and used the rail to be the best in bananas.o Merged companies and he became vice president.- Insufficient for his debts, so he ran a steam lines: The Great White Fleets- Passengers would pay for the freights to be transported.- 1904 – Signed a Guatemalan contract, controlled all railroads, land grants, etc.- Accused of bribery, hate, and anger.Vertical Integration- Own fields, own railway, own shipping fleet, own the docks.- Less of a luxury and more of an expected item.- Makes it IMPOSSIBLE to compete- Between 1900-1930 exports increased from 8.2 million to 43.3 million bunches per year from Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica, and Panama. The “Banana Republic”- Mascot: Chiquita Banana.- The browner it is, the healthier: Tumor Necrosis Factor, ability to combat abnormal cells.Diseases- Until late 1950’s a single banana cultivar “Gros Michel” Big Mike had a high yield, huge, sweet, thick skin.- Panama Disease was introduced to Central America in 1920’s.- Almost entirely wiped out, and the closest relative, and resistant to panama disease, was the Cavendish. Now Dominant. 99% of exports are Cavendish.- In 1993, a new form of Panama Disease was discovered and wiped out many of the Cavendish plantations in Southeast Asia. o ALSO RESISTANT TO ALL FUNGICIDES.- Currently unsuccessful on getting a resistant Cavendish. – Area of genetic modification that increases nutrition, not yield. Radioactive Bananas?!?! Measurable, but not damaging. 10 million bananas in one sitting to get cellular