IE 116 1st Edition Lecture 9Outline of Last Lecture I. US agricultureII. How do we feed a GROWING world?a. Population Increaseb. Land lossc. Crowded areasOutline of Current LectureI. Apple EconomicsII. Apple BiologyIII. Apple OriginsIV. Apples and HealthV. Apple History in AmericaCurrent LectureApples: The cultivated apple belongs to the family Rosaceae. Including Pyrus, Cydonia, Eriobotyra, now called malus x domestica.I. Apple Economics- 75,635,283 total world production. 35,987,221 from china & 4,272,840 in America.- Could eat a different apple a day for 7 years. - Generally only 7 main types, even though there are many more less popular versionsII. Apple biology- Most widely grown fruit in the worldo Can be grown almost anywhere.o Takes about 10 years from seeds from the apple tree to bear fruit.- Apples are self-incompatible and REQUIRE cross pollination.o Using mostly honey bees, and those bees only pollinate other apple trees.- Flowers – multicolored, 5 pedals, one apple each flower.- The fleshy fruit grows around the coreo Each apple contains 5 ovaries and 1-2 seeds in each seed pod. 5-10 seeds.o Called accessory fruit.o Flesh is derived from the adjacent tissue, not the ovary.- Average apple tree creates approx. 3,000 blossom buds and yield about 18000 individual flowers.o Trees could crumble under the weight of all the apples, s othey naturally abort and stagger.- Seedling apples: Extreme heterozygotes (Offspring is very different than parent)- CLEFT Grafting; Method of asexual propagationo Tissues of one plant are encourages to fuse with those of another.o One plant selected for stems leaves, flowers, or fruits: Sciono One plant selected for roots: Rootstock. Basically glue them together. 1 tree with up to 400 different varieties of apples on one rootstalk.- NATURAL Grafting :Inosculationo Roots or branches naturally grow together.o Advantages if there are little nutrients all trees get the nutrients.o Disadvantages if one tree gets a disease all of them get it.III. Origins- Naturally adapted to temperate zones, but most varieties are outside the 10-45 degrees marks north and south of the equator. WeirdIV. Apples and Health- An apple a day keeps the doctor and dentist away?!?!-Apples boost the immune system- Lots of vitamin C- Low in calories: typically 70-100 calories- Prevent tooth decay: juice kills decaying bacteria- Reduce Cholesterol: Phenols that reduce bad and increase good cholesterol. 2 apples reduce cholesterol by 15%- Lower respiratory problems: 5 or more a week have less respiratory problems such as asthma- Prevent brain disease: Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s- Prevent Heart disease: Coronary and cardio vascular disease - CANCER PREVENTION: Prostate, Lung, Colon, and KidneyIMPORTANT – High amounts of Vitamin B17 : Seeds onlyo Nitrilosides: Contain a cyanide molecule – bound to a sugar molecule.o DO NOT READILY RELEASE CYANIDEo A cancer wonder drug?o Uniquely absorbed by tumor cells a “cancer bomb”o Healthy cells neutralize the toxin.o Very controversialV. History in AmericaJohn Chapman: 1774 – 1845 Born in Massachusetts- Sowed seeds along river.- “Johnny Appleseed was bringing the gift of alcohol to the frontier”- Spread apple seeds and influences settlement locations- Made the US an apple experiment.Apples desired for 2 reasons:1 Sugars/Sweetness- The prototype for all desire2 Alcohols- Grafting vs seeds- Mostly used for cider “Hard” cider- Not bad in bible, took place of coffee, tea, and water, in prohibition, switched from grain to grape.- Northwest Territory and land grants: requires planting at least 50 apple or pear trees.- Encouraged homesteaders to “put down roots”- suppress real estate
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