CDFR 3002 1st Edition Lecture 23 Outline of Last Lecture I. Parenting in Divorced and Remarried Families Part 3 Outline of Current Lecture II. Parents Who WorkIII. Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA) IV. Why Not Do More?V. Change in Family Dynamics From Work VI. Finding Positive FitVII. Patricia Boydanoff: Interaction Between Work Family DomainsVIII. Sandwich GenerationIX. Patterns of Daily InteractionsX. Single Mothers Who WorkXI. Children’s Views of WorkXII. Types of DaycaresXIII. Quality of DaycareXIV.Impact of “Daycare” on ChildrenXV. Effects of DaycareXVI. Problem With Self-CareCurrent Lecture- Parents Who Worko In 2009 (Married) 77% of Mothers With Children 6-18 62% of Mothers With Children Under 6 o In 2009 (Single)  79% of Mothers With Children 6-18 68% of Mothers With Children Under 6- Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA)o Developed in 1993o United States One of the Only Countries That Does Not Provide Paid Maternity Leave- Papa New Guinea, Liberia, Swaziland  Invests Lowest % of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to Childcare  Lowest % of Children in Formal Care by Age 5 o Americans Have 12 Weeks of Job Protected Leave  It is Unpaid Employee Has to Work 1,250 Hours in Previous Year  Company Has to Have More Than 50 Employees These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Why Not Do More?o Congress Was Worried: Companies Would Be Less Competitive With Other Countries Costs Would Decrease Number of Employees Hired  Increase Unemployment o Reality is: 15 Most Competitive Countries - Provide paid Maternal Leave And Most Provide Paternal Leave  All But 4 Also Provided Paid Sick Leave  13 Countries With Lowest Unemployment Rates - All Offer Paid Maternal Leave except U.S. - 8 of 13 Provide Paid Sick Leave o IBM Study Revealed:  Flexible Hours and Working from home Beneficial in All Countries - Change in Family Dynamics From Worko Increased Father Participation Mothers Still Spend Slightly More Time At Home  Fathers Still Spend More Time At Work o Increased % of Kids Living in Single Parent Homes One Parent Tries to Accomplish The Same as Two o Nature of Work Has Changed Less Skilled Jobs That Support a Family  More Part-Time, Temp Work, At Nonstandard Hours o Increasing Life Spans  Introduced The Sandwich Generation - Finding Positive Fito Fit Relationship Between Demands and Resources to Carry Out the Tasks in a Domain o Two Ways to Achieve Positive “Fit”:  Decrease the Demands Increase Resources to Meet Demands - Patricia Boydanoff: Interaction Between Work Family Domainso Microsystem Daily Interactions- Work- Family- Community o Macrosystem  Interrelationships Between Areas- Work-Family- Work-Community- Family-Community- Work-Family-Communityo Example Economy Where Business Operate Outside Standard Hours - Evening and Night Shifts - Greater Emotional Distress- Less Effective Parenting - Sandwich Generationo Caring for Children and Aging Parents Wives Spend 9.5 Hours a Week Caring for Elderly  Husbands Spend 7.5 o Affects About 10-13% of Families o Wives More Likely to:  Adjust Work to Meet Family Demands- Reduce Hours- Take Paid Leave for Appointments - Report Poorer Work Performance - Patterns of Daily Interactionso Parents Time Diaries From 1965-2011  Mothers and Fathers Spend More Time With Children Than They Did in 1965 Also Spending More Time at Work o Multitask 50% of Time at homeo Couples Rarely Interact with Each Other Without Children - Single Mothers Who Worko Often Face Many Challenges  Depend on Public Transportation  Spend Several Hours Getting Kids to Daycare and School o Often Rely on Several Caregivers Older Children Often Responsible for Parenting Tasks o Strategies to Manage Time Prioritize Obligations - Health of Children Typically Comes First  Expand Resources Eliminate Obligations- May Sacrifice Own Needs (i.e., Sleep, Education) for Children o Community Often Does Not Support  Most Agencies Open 9-5 - Children’s Views of Work o Overall Thought Parents Were Doing Good  Felt Loved and Appreciated Felt Like They Provided Quality Time o 3 Wishes About Parents Work:  Parents Earned More Money Returned From Work Less Stressed Felt Less Tired Mainly Hear Negative Things About Work o Graded Parents Less Emotionally Available Than Parents Parents Gave Themselves A’s and B’s (90-96%)  Children Didn’t Give That Many (67-75%) o Gave Them More D’s & F’s Around Controlling Anger - Types of Daycareso Relative Care Relatives Care for the Baby Either in Home or Nearby Pro: Child Knows the Caregiver, Cheap Con: Demanding for Family, May Not Always be Available o Nonrelative Care Care for infants in the Home of Nonrelative  Pro: Child Only Adjusts to 1 Person  Con: Often Very Expensive o Nonrelative Center Day Care Appropriate Care for Children, Usually Infants and Children  Pro: Available Every Day, Trained Professionals, Contact With Other Children  Con: Contact with Other Children, Less Attention o Afterschool Care  Supervised Care for Children in Elementary Gradeso Self-Care  Care by the Child Pro: Instills Independence  Con: Puts Child in Potential Danger - Quality of Daycareo Most Center Daycare is Mediocre Quality 14% Promoted Development; High Quality  74% Mediocre 12% Low Quality - Unable To Meet Child’s health and Safety Needs - Number Increases to 40% With Infants o Family Day Care Homes  9% Good Quality 56% Mediocre  35% Inadequate o Mediocre Daycare (Researchers) Was Labeled Good Daycare By Parents o Measured in Two Ways Structural Measures- Amount of Teacher Training/Experience - Staff Turnovero Salaries Good Indicator if Staff Will Stay - Recommended Staff Ratioso 1:3 Infants (6 Children Per Group) o 1:4 Toddlers (8 Children Per Group)o 1:7 Preschoolers (14 Children Per Group)  Process Measures- Sensitive & Responsive Interactions- Appropriate Activities - Impact of “Daycare” on Childreno Very Complicated Issue, Varies Based On:  Child’s Characteristics- Age, Sex, Temperament  Family Characteristics- SES, Involvement, Work Satisfaction Work Characteristics - Number of Hours Worked, Level of Stress Nature of Child’s Substitute Care - Multiple Caregiver Arrangementso Poor Language