FDNS 4600 1st Edition Lecture 35Outline of Past Lecture I. Echinacea Case StudyOutline of Current LectureI. Regulation of Color AdditivesII. Certified Color AdditivesIII. Approved Certified ColorsIV. Possible Mechanisms for Certified Color Reactions: Behavior, Allergy, Other (Stevens LJ, Nutr Rev, 2014)V. Food FlavorsVI. Safety assessmentVII. Issues and ChallengesCurrent LectureI. Regulation of Color Additivesa. FDA regulates all color additives.b. Subject to batch certification means that the FDA does a chemical test to test thechemical make up of the color additives.c. New colors take a lot of money and testing.II. Certified Color Additivesa. What is the difference between i. Toxicity testing- chemical testsii. Certification- tests in animalsb. Each batch is tested prior to use in foodsIII. Approved Certified Colorsa. Red No. 40--Allura Redi. most commonly used***ii. not carcinogenic or teratogenicb. Red No. 3--Erythrosinei. 4 iodine atoms (thyroid issue) ii. low toxicity because poorly absorbedc. Yellow No. 5--Tartrazinei. Second most commonly usedii. Hypersensitivity Reactions (asthma, hives,migraine)--elevates histamineThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.d. Yellow No. 6--Sunset Yellowi. Some hypersensitivitye. Blue No. 1--Brilliant Bluei. Poorly absorbed- most likely to be excreted in fecesf. Blue No. 2—Indigotine (actually occurs in nature)i. Poorly absorbedg. Green No. 3--Fast Greeni. Used very littleii. Poorly absorbedh. Orange Bi. Used in sausage & hot dog casingi. Citrus Red No. 2i. Used on skins of orangesii. Carcinogenicity concernsIV. Possible Mechanisms for Certified Color Reactions: Behavior, Allergy, Other (Stevens LJ, Nutr Rev, 2014)a. Researcher of this study is very concerned with color additives.b. Says that it may require a daily dose of 50 mg or more.i. In charts at the beginning, soda had the most coloring.ii. It may be easier than we think to get 50 mg or more of color additives perday.c. In rats, it is needed in HUGE amounts. So much that it may not be realistic.V. Food Flavorsa. Most chemical names are not listed on food labels!b. FEMA- Flavor and Extract Manufacturing Associationc. JECFA- Joint Expert Committee on Food Additivesd. GRAS- Generally Recognized as SafeVI. Safety assessmenta. Looks mainly at the history of useb. Consumption ratioi. Ratio of what you would naturally get in food vs the syntheticii. Synthetic/natural***iii. Ei. test if the number is ten but not if its .003c. Intake is what is focused on.VII. Issues and Challengesa. How to asses intake?i. Over and under-estimating is a huge problemii. Disappearance in the market place usually over estimates because it doesnot take into account the food lost.iii. Food surveys usually underestimate the exposure because people may not know how much they are being exposed
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