LIFE 103 1st Edition Lecture 28 Outline of Last Lecture II Mammalia III Characteristics a Hair b Milk c Sound II Mammal evolution III Trends Outline of Current Lecture IV Biomimicry V Form and function VI Physical constraints a Hydrodynamics II Evolutionary constraints a Vertebrate flight III Form and function IV Cursorial locomotion Current Lecture Body structure and function solutions Biomimicry I II III Bats Humpback whales inspire new wind turbine technology use their flippers that enable a steeper operating angle of the blade and a 40 performance increase Kingfishers used to imitate turbulence with high speed train in Japan Form and function I II III All animals must obtain nutrients and oxygen excrete wastes and move Animals live in nearly every conceivable kind of environment temperature pressure salinity oxygen concentrations light levels currents selective pressures etc Solutions to these challenges are generated based on two primary kinds of pressures I Physical constraints Ex hydrodynamics II Evolutionary constraints Ex vertebrate flight These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Hydrodynamics IV V VI VII Water is 1000 x more dense than air Problem how to travel quickly and efficiently through water Solution fusiform streamlined body shape Convergent evolution diverse organisms face similar challenges and arrive at similar solutions Vertebrate flight I II III IV V VI Benefits of flight powered flight has evolved four times with insects pterosaurs birds and bats Problem how to generate sufficient lift for sustained flight Solution flight membranes generally small body size light bodies for their size Solutions vary with the animal Wings are super flexible and depend on the organism Differences between bat and bird flight bats hover and cup the air with their fingers birds have rigid wings that can do this to an extent but not in the same way hummingbirds fly backwards Form and function I II III IV V VI VII Exchange with the environment is ultimately at the cellular level substances in solution travel across the plasma membrane of cells How is this accomplished in complex multicellular organisms Fig 40 3 I Hydra vs amoeba Fig 40 4 complex organisms that have complex tissues tissue systems and organs The form of something is shaped by its function Seen at all levels of body organization I Cells II Tissues epithelial muscle connective nervous III Organs IV Organ systems Fig 40 5 Clicker question in whales and most other mammals evolutionary adaptations that enable sufficient exchange with the environment are specialized structures that in most cases lie within the body and are branched or folded Which of the following is not an example of this The shape of a parasitic tapeworm places most cells of the worm in direct contact with its environment Cursorial locomotion I II Adaptations for different forms of locomotion based on the same basic body plan How to increase the ability to run fast I Increase stride length i Change foot posture ii Lengthen limb elements iii Flex spine iv Extended periods of suspended gait II Increase stride rate i Reduce muscle mass in the distal limb decreases effort and increases speed of movement Relationship between body mass and lifespan I II III The larger you are the longer you usually live Naked mole rats and bats are outliers because they live for a really long time but they are smaller Given these two relationships what can you say about the relationship between metabolic rate and lifespan
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