BY 124 1st Edition Lecture 19 Outline of Last Lecture Chapter 43 I Things that the immune system must do II Types of immunity a Innate b Acquired III Lymphatic system Outline of Current Lecture Chapter 43 Cont I To remember II B cells III To kill toxins with B cell system IV Classes of Antibodies V Antibodies are proteins VI Primary and Secondary Response VII Active Immunity VIII IX X XI Passive Immunity Cytotoxic T Cells Figure 43 20 When Immune Response gets confused Current Lecture Chapter 43 Cont These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute I II III IV To remember a MHC cells b T cells cytotoxic effector or Helper T must see a self AND non self marker B cells a Differ in antigen specificity i Binds to different epitopes b Forms a clone that will start to secrete antibodies c Effector cells are what actually do the attacking d B cells are looking for something that is free i If it is found in the cell then T cells will be used not B cells e Figure 43 14 humoral response i Found in fluids ii If toxin is found free within fluids then B cells will be activated iii Some do not need T cells T independent 1 Do not form memory cells 2 BUT most are T dependent iv B cells bind to antigen by antigen receptors multiply form more plasma cells that release the antibodies f Figure 4 12 T dependent B cells i Dendritic cells antigen presenting cells 1 Important in first encounter with antigen 2 Immune cells 3 Main function process antigen to create antigen material to be presented on surface of cell Activates cytokines calls in B cells B cells bind to ii Helper T cell sends out chemicals when it binds that calls out for B cells iii T dependent B cells will turn into plasma cells and memory cells iv B cell binds to receptor on T cell which then releases cytokines to help clone B cells will then turn into plasma cells and memory B cells g Figure 43 18 i Better representation of above figure To kill toxins with B cell system Figure 4 19 a Neutralization Figure 43 19 i Antibody blocks docking sites in virus so that it cannot get into the cell and replicate b Osponization c Activation of complement system and pore formation i Antibodies form a membrane attack complex that allows water to get in that makes cell explode Classes of Antibodies a IgM pentamer Ig immunoglobin i 1st Ig class that appears on scene after exposure then it gradually declines as time goes on V VI VII VIII IX X ii Promotes neutralization and cross linking of antigens iii Good at activating complement system b IgG monomer i Most abundant ii Only Ig that crosses the placenta 1 Passive immunity to fetus c IgA dimer i Present in bodily secretions like tears saliva breast milk ii Helps with protecting fetus too passive immunity d IgE monomer i Present in low concentration ii Triggers release of mast cells and basophils of histamine that causes allergic reaction e IgD monomer i Present primarily on surface of virgin B cells that is important in deciding clonal selection plasma or memory cell Antibodies are proteins Figure 43 13 a 40 V genes 5 J genes 5 C genes b Start linking V variable genes together add J joiner gene and then add C constant gene exon shuffling c Transcribe above into pre mRNA RNA processing translation creation of antigen receptor Primary and Secondary Response Figure 43 15 Active Immunity You make your own antibodies a Can also get by vaccination Passive Immunity a Usually comes from mom i Placenta ii Breast milk b Does not last i Eventually you will have to fight to make your own Cytotoxic T Cells Figure 43 17 a Only works when they see a self and non self b Places marker on MHC 1 self helps bind accessory protein releases cytokines lyses your cells that have been infected Figure 43 20 everything comes together a Really good figure to study b Antigen presenting cells i Dendritic cell if first exposure ii Macrophage if second exposure c Memory cells B and T are pretty much the same Their main function is just to remember past infections and fights and help you fight more efficiently the second time you are exposed XI When Immune Response gets confused a Rheumatoid arthritis attacks joints b Rheumatic Heart Disease antigen on heart valves signals immune response and starts attacking heart valves c Lupus nucleus in cells d Graves thyroid e Allergies Figure 43 22 i IgE histamines release granules ii Anaphylactic shock severe inflammation of blood vessels f AIDS Helper T cells get attacked ruins immune system