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UAB BY 124 - Exam 4 Study Guide

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BY 124 1st EditionExam# 4 Study Guide Lectures: 21 - 24Lecture 21 What are the three major types of osmoregulation?- Hypertonic- Hypotonic - IsotonicWhat type of excretory system do flatworms have? How does it work? Flat worms use flame cells and protonephridia to rid the body of water. Ammonia is excreted from the body through the creature’s skin. (Figure 44.11)What type of excretory system do an earthworm have? How does it work?Earthworms use metanephridium. Waste leaves through the external openings in a segment. (Figure 44.12)What type of excretory system do terrestrial insects have? How does it work?Terrestrial insects (Figure 44.13). They use a malphigian tubule. Water and nitrogenous wastes moves in these tubules and the things that are unwanted in the open circulatory system/body are excreted through the anusWhat type of excretory system do aquatic vertebrates have? How does it work? What do mammals and most amphibians excrete? What do many reptiles and birds excrete? Aquatic vertebrates (Figure 44.3) use gills to get oxygen into body. Salt water fish are hypertonic and therefore lose water. Need to get water so drink it. To fix this issue (of drinking salt water and introducing more salt into body), they use transport epithelium (a single layer of cells that face external environment and connected by tight junctions) to secrete salt ions.Kidneys do not have to really worry about salt concentrations in the body and so do not urinate much. Sharks/cartilaginous fishes keep large amounts of urea in body and therefore act like freshwater fish – keep salt inside body – hypotonic. Loses salt to water so have to keep taking in water.Mammals, most amphibians, freshwater fish excrete urea. Sea turtles can produce both urea and ammonia. Many reptiles, birds, insects excrete uric acid which takes a lotof energy to create but decreases water lossWhat is the osmoregularity between salt water fish and their surroundings? How is this addressed? How is this different from fresh water fish? Are there saltwater fish that technically work like freshwater fish in regards to their osmoregularity?Salt water fish are hypertonic and therefore lose water to their surroundings. Need to get water so drink it. To fix this issue (of drinking salt water and introducing more salt into body), they use transport epithelium (a single layer of cells that face external environment and connected by tight junctions) to secrete salt ions.Kidneys do not have to really worry about salt concentrations in the body and so do not urinate much. Sharks/cartilaginous fishes keep large amounts of urea in body and therefore act like freshwater fish – keep salt inside body – hypotonic. Loses salt to water so have to keep taking in water.Freshwater fishes – see aboveWhat is the functional unit of the kidney? What is the blood flow through the kidney???? The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. The blood flow through the kidney is as follows:proximal convoluted tubule → descending loop → Loop of Henle → ascending loop → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct → ureterWhat is the function of the kidney? Define reabsorption, secretion, and excretion. The kidneys are used to filter the blood. Once inside the nephron, blood is called filtrate.During filtration, components will move back into the blood – this is called reabsorption. Secretion occurs when things in the interstitial fluid move into the nephron. Excretion is when waste leaves the body as urine.What are the parts of a nephron? How do things move through the nephron? What “things” move through the nephron?Parts of a nephron: (figure 44.15)a. Bowmann’s capsule – cup-like structure i. Filtration occurs hereii. Very efficientiii. Contains little filters called podocytesiv. Little things that can be transported passively will be transported into/outof nephronv. Bigger things like blood cells can’t pass passively1. Nutrients are transported out of nephron (want to get these back in body) – active transport 2. Salt a. Water moves passively because it ends up following the salt concentrationvi. Study figure!How are kidneys regulated? Kidneys are regulated the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus signals to the posterior pituitary to excrete the ADH made by the hypothalamus. If the blood is too thick, or there is an increase in blood osmolarity, a stimulus signals hypothalamus to create the ADH. The thickeningof the blood causes you to get thirsty which will cause you to drink water to thin out your blood a little bit. Also, ADH leads to an increase in permeability in the distal tubule which prevents the further osmolarity increase.Stud figures 44.16 and 44.20Figure 44.22 – Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure by the renin-angiotensin-aldesterone system (RAAS)1. Juxtaglomerular apparatusb. Release renin when there is a low blood volume or blood pressure c. Renin activates Angiotensin I which is translated to Angiotensin II by ACEd. Angiotensin II activates adrenal gland to produce aldosterone which increasesNa and water reabsorption in distal tubules which increases blood volume2. Atrial-natriuretic protein – opposite from aboveWhat connects the kidneys to the bladder? What is the function of the bladder? What does urethra do? The ureter connects the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder is what holds liquid waste. The urethra empties the bladder.What are some differences between other animal kidneys/excretion?Desert animals have long loops of Henle because they need to reabsorb as much water as possible. Whales and fish do not drink salt water so thus do not have to excrete as muchwater. Birds have nasal salt glands that release excess water and this is why they can drink salt water.Lecture 22What are some environmental factors that can effect sexual reproduction? What is parthenogenesis? What are the two types of sequential hermaphroditism? Environmental factors are the usual culprits in effecting sexual reproduction. Some examples include: temperature, rainfall, day length, lunar cycles, and pheromones (chemicals given off by other animals). Parthenogenesis means “virgin birth.” This means that the eggs from the female can grow up to a full grown organism without paternal chromosomes. There are two types of sequential hermaphroditism. Protogynous hermaphroditism is when the organism starts off as female and then becomes a male if the situation calls for it. Protandrous hermaphroditism is when the organism starts


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