BY 124 1st Edition Lecture 23Outline of Last Lecture Chapter 46I. Asexual vs Sexual reproductionII. Whip-tail LizardsIII. FertilizationIV. Male Reproductive SystemV. Controlling Male Reproductive SystemVI. Puberty in MalesVII. Parts of Female Reproductive SystemVIII. Egg is MadeIX. Estrous Cycles X. Menstrual Cycles Outline of Current Lecture Chapter 46 (cont)I. Female Reproductive System II. OogenesisIII. Menstrual CyclesIV. Signaling to mother V. BirthVI. BreastsVII. Why is immune response not triggered from baby?VIII. MenopauseChapter 47 I. Cycles/ProcessesII. SpermIII. Frog DevelopmentIV. Experiment - Figure 47.23V. To rememberVI. Figure 47.8VII. Organogenesis Current LectureThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Chapter 46 (cont.)I. Female Reproductive System (figure 46.10)a. Clitorisb. Labia minorac. Labia majorad. Endometriumi. basal layerii. endometrial layerII. Oogenesis (figure 46.12)a. Know differences between how females produce eggs and males produce spermIII. Menstrual Cyclesa. ~28 daysb. Figure 46.13i. 2 parts: what goes on in ovaries (ovarian cycle) and what goes on in uterus (uterine cycle)1. Ovarian cyclea. Day 0-14= follicular phase i. Follicule maturesb. Day 15-28=luteal phase → prepares body to receive fertilized eggi. Corpus luteum generatesc. Menstruation is beginning of cycle – Day 0d. Ovulation – mid cycle (~14 days)e. Hormones i. Hypothalamus triggers anterior pituitary1. LH2. FSHf. Ovarian Cycle (Figure 46.13)i. FSH – causes follicle to make estrogen, make granulosa cells, and form follicleii. Positive and negative feedback with gonadotropinsiii. Estradiol (estrogen) has a negative effect on FSHiv. Right before ovulation, you get peak in FSH, estrogen, estradiol 1. If does not occur at same time then no ovulationv. After ovulation, estrogen will produce corpus luteum and progesterone1. Progesterone is pregnancy hormone2. LH dropsvi. If not pregnant, corpus luteum will go away by itself within 14 days1. Estrogen and progesterone levels fallvii. (fraternal twins results from two eggs ovulating at same time)viii. Progesterone is very inhibitory towards FSHix. Day 5-14= proliferative phase1. Endometrium growsa. Blood vessels and glands growb. Done by estrogenx. Day 15-28=secretory phase1. Sends out secretions from glandsa. Glycogen in secretions because it supports fertilized egg before it implants into uterus2. Need progesterone and estrogen to maintain growth of endometrial layer. If not pregnant, then these hormones plummetand this causes the lysing of cells that allows for the sluffing off of the endometrial layer xi. After sluff off, negative effect on FSH is removed and then the cycle starts all over againg. Animals that get pregnant easilyi. Induced ovulators1. Takes egg through first part of ovarian cycle and hold it right before they’re going to ovulate (before LH peak)2. Barb in cat penis will cut inside of vagina when male pulls out. Thiscauses a signal to the hypothalamus in the female to start ovulation while sperm is fresh so that the chance of fertilization is higher h. Ovulation (Figure 46.15)i. Ovulationii. Fertilization – occurs in upper third of oviductiii. Cleavageiv. Cleavage continuesv. Implantation – implants as blastocyst1. Inner cell mass in blastocyst becomes embryo. The other cells (inner cell mass) becomes thickening of covering2. Burrows into uterus and trophoblast cells release into uterine lining and signal to mother that the fertilized egg has implanteda. HCG (Human chorionic gonadotropin)i. Excreted in urine – basis of pregnancy testsii. Chemically like LH – keeps corpus luteum from breaking down, keeps the production of estrogen and progesterone i. Placenta (figure 46.16)i. Takes about three months to fully developii. Takes over role of corpus luteumiii. Arteries and veins are reversediv. Chorionic villi contain fetal blood that absorbs nutrients from mother’s bloodIV. Signaling to mother that egg is implanted (Figure 46.18)a. Estradiol mainly from baby not ovariesb. Fetus’s adrenal cortex signals through placenta to mother to increase production of estradiol c. Estradiol from the ovaries activated the oxytocin receptors on the uterusi. Oxytocin activates muscle contractionsd. Oxytocin from fetus and mother’s posterior pituitary signals for the stimulation of uterine contraction and also signals the placenta to make prostaglandins which stimulates more contractions of uteruse. ALL POSITIVE FEEDBACKV. Birtha. Dilation of cervixi. “ripening” of cervixii. The phrase “my water broke” means that the membrane (amnion and other coverings) ruptureb. Expulsion – delivery of infanti. Placenta detachesc. Delivery of placentaVI. Breasts a. Prolactin from anterior pituitary signals for milk productionb. Milk is not made during pregnancy because progesterone has a very negative effect on prolactinc. Colostrum – like skim milki. Immunoglobulins1. IgAii. Lots of proteins d. Colostrum changes to similar to whole milk and this is when babies start to put on weight e. Oxytocin – milk letdown VII. Why is the immune response not triggered with babies?a. Trophoblast is very important i. Tryptophan gets destroyed (tryptophan signals Cytotoxic T cells)1. No tryptophan = no T cellsii. Killer cells are activated and bind to cytotoxic T cells and kill them VIII. Menopausea. ~45-50 years oldb. Men do not go through menopausei. Less testosterone produced but still enoughii. Testosterone supplements are antiandrogens (sp?) and cause impotenceChapter 47 VIII. Cycles/Processes (Figure 47.2)IX. Sperma. Matures in epididymis b. Capacitation – c. How does sperm know where to go?i. Egg sends out signal to call sperm to itd. Cumulus cellse. Has enzyme on head that eats through first layer of egg i. Reached next layer and uses hydrolytic enzymes to aid in further penetration1. Reaches egg membrane and attaches to receptors that makes egg accept it2. IP3 allows for the release of cortical granules (done so by Ca ions) that clip off other sperm that are attached to egg and also clip off receptors – this all prevents polysperming ii. Sperm must wait until egg completes meiosis before their mitochondria will mergeX. Frog Development (Figure 47.21)a. Grey crescent is formed after fertilizationi. Needed for deuterostome development ii. If no grey crescent then they will not form an