BY 124 1st Edition Lecture 22Outline of Last Lecture Chapter 44I. How creatures keep homeostasisII. Types of regulationIII. Types of excretory systems IV. Excretory organsa. Kidneys Outline of Current Lecture Chapter 46I. Asexual vs Sexual reproductionII. Whip-tail LizardsIII. FertilizationIV. Male Reproductive SystemV. Controlling Male Reproductive SystemVI. Puberty in MalesVII. Parts of Female Reproductive SystemVIII. Egg is MadeIX. Estrous Cycles X. Menstrual Cycles Current LectureChapter 46I. Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction a. Asexual i. buddingb. Sexuali. Need environmental cues1. Temperature2. Rainfall3. Day length4. Lunar cycles 5. Pheromones (chemicals given off by animals)ii. Parthenogenesis – “virgin birth”These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.iii. Hermaphroditism – cross fertilization iv. Sequential hermaphroditism 1. Protogynous – starts off as F and then becomes M2. Protandrous – starts off M and becomes FII. Whip-tail Lizards (Figure 46.5)a. A. uniparensb. Only females III. Fertilizationa. Internal fertilizationi. Sharks, insects, reptiles, etcb. External fertilizationi. Need water ii. Tons of eggs because they are nutritious and will most likely be eateniii. Sperm produced over eggsIV. Male Reproductive System (Figure 46.11)a. Testis – produces spermi. Found outside of abdominal cavity in scrotumii. Usually “drop” at 8 months of gestation1. If they do not descend then they cannot produce sperm/will be fertileiii. some animals have testes that don’t descend – bats, whalesiv. some can withdraw theirs back into body – usually seasonal reproductive animals v. Parts of testis (Figure 46.12)1. Seminiferous tubules – where sperm is produced a. Open lumen of tubes 2. Around tubules are Leydig cells – produce testosterone3. Sertoli cells – a. Tight junctions b. Protect and feed developing sperm4. Blood-testis barriervi. Spermatogonium repopulate themselves through mitosis vii. Primary spermatocytes are diploidviii. Secondary spermatocytes are haploid (end of meiosis I)ix. Spermatids are haploid chromatids (end of meiosis II)x. Spermatids mature to look like sperm by losing almost all cytoplasm and forming tailxi. Mature Sperm (Figure 46.12)1. Midpiecea. mitochondria2. Heada. Acrosome b. Nucleusb. Epididymisi. Stores spermii. Sperm matures hereiii. Sperm directly out of testis cannot swimiv. Sperm found here is only sperm that can fertilizec. Vas deferensi. Connects to epididymisii. Takes sperm up into ejaculatory ductd. Seminal vesicle i. Semen = sperm + seminal fluidii. Produces seminal fluid – about 60%1. Amino acids2. Fructoseiii. Prostaglandins is produced here1. Causes muscle contractions2. Sometimes causes semen to coagulate after depositing in the femalee. Prostate glandi. Lies under bladderii. Produces some buffers to make a F a hospitable place for spermiii. Produces anticoagulant enzymesf. Bulbourethral glandi. First part of ejaculateii. Bufferingiii. Lubricantg. Penisi. Copulatory organii. Important for internal fertilizationiii. Skin on head is sometimes removed after birth – circumcisediv. Spongy/erectile tissue causes erection1. Blood flow changesa. Blood comes in spongy areas and prevented from coming out2. Two typesa. Corpus cavernosumb. Corpus spongiosumh. Some animals have bones in penisi. Called a baculumi. Males have a “refractory period” where they cannot achieve another erection after ejaculationfor a period of timeV. Controlling Male Repro Sysa. Anterior pituitaryi. FSH → sertoli cells → inhibin and spermatogenesisii. LH → Leydig cells → testosterone → spermatogenesisb. Has NEGATIVE feedback ONLYVI. Puberty in Malesa. Around 13-14 years oldb. Not sure exactly what triggers itc. Testosterone induces secondary sex characteristicsVII. Parts of Female Reproductive Systema. Ovary – holds eggsi. Follicles ii. Granulosa cells b. Oviductc. Uterusi. Lining = endometriumd. Cervixe. Vagina VIII. Egg is made (figure 46.12)a. All eggs are made before F is borni. Primary oocytes at birth – resting at Meiosis Ib. Egg and three polar bodies by end of Meiosis II. Only kick off third polar body if fertilized c. Females can run out of eggs – menopause IX. Estrous cycles a. “Attacked by GAD flies”i. Horses story – horses prance around a lot and look like being bitten by horseflies b. Menstrual cycles–Humans, some apes and