BY 124 1st Edition Lecture 17Outline of Last Lecture Chapter 42 I. RespirationII. 2 classes of respiratory surfacesIII. Marine organismsIV. Terrestrial organismsV. Nose VI. PharynxVII. LarynxVIII. EsophagusIX. TracheaX. LungsXI. How do you breathe?XII. Important termsXIII. BirdsXIV. Circulatory SystemXV. Veins XVI. HeartOutline of Current Lecture Chapter 42 (cont.)I. ElectrocardiogramII. Systems of blood flowIII. Different types of circulatory systemsIV. Differences in fetal circulationV. BloodVI. Blood Compositiona. Plasmab. Cellular elementsi. RBC1. Hemoglobin ii. Plateletsiii. WBCCurrent LectureChapter 42 (cont.)I. Electrocardiograma. P wave – excitation and contraction of atriab. Q wave – excitation and contraction for ventriclesc. T wave – recovery of ventriclesII. Systems of blood flow a. Pulmonary system → heart to lung and then back to heartb. Systemic system → heart to body and back to heartIII. Different types of circulatory systemsa. Fish – Two chambered heartb. Amphibians – 3 chamberedc. Mammals and birds – 4 chamberedIV. Differences in Fetal circulationi. Oxygen comes from placentaii. Bypass lungs because do not need to pick up oxygen from lungs iii. Bypass liver because filtering of baby’s blood is done by motheriv. No mixing of fetal and mother bloodb. Foramen ovale – opening between atriai. Sometimes doesn’t close in fetal development and this causes a “hole” in the heartc. Ductus arteriosus – connects pulmonary artery to aortai. Closes up so normal circulation is established when umbilical cord is tiedd. Ductus venosus – takes blood away from body to vena cavai. Shunts majority of blood away from liverii. First breath allows for this to close and establish normal circulationV. Blooda. It IS a tissue (a group of cells that do something together)i. Connective tissue ii. Figure 42.17b. Responsible for:i. Transportii. Clot iii. Fighting infectionsc. Figure 42.19i. Stem cells in bone marrow1. Lymphoid stem cells - lymphocytesa. B cellsb. T cells2. Myeloid stem cellsa. Erythrocytesb. Basophilsc. plateletsd. Eosinophilse. Monocytes f. NeutrophilsVI. Blood Compositiona. 55% plasmai. Plasma1. Mostly watera. Carries stuff around (oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, vitamins, lipids)i. Usually carried by carriers2. Ionsa. Help with osmotic buffering, pH, and regulation of membrane permeabilityi. Ex. Sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium, chloride3. Plasma proteinsa. Most abundant – albumin (carries lots of stuff)i. Osmotic balance and pH buffering b. Fibrinogen i. Clottingc. Immunoglobulins (antibodies)i. Defense b. 45% cellular elementsi. Cell types1. Erythrocytes – red blood cells (RBC)a. Biconcave – increases surface areab. Transport oxygen and some carbon dioxidec. ~25 million hemoglobin per RBCd. Reticulocytes – a tiny immature RBCe. Can’t dividef. Live about 120 days i. Glycolysis keeps them aliveg. Flat bones are important in making RBCsi. Skullii. Ribsiii. Breast boneiv. Pelvisv. Vertebraevi. Ends of long bones h. When there isn’t enough oxygen, kidney senses that and excretes and enzyme called erythropoietin that signals to the bones that they need to make more RBCsi. Cells in liver breakdown old RBCsi. Recovers iron and reuses itii. Heme (ends up in bile)j. “Blue bloods” – animals that use copper instead of ironi. Is it better to have pigment inside cell or outside cell in the plasma?1. Inside cell because it makes it easier to control osmotic balancek. Hemoglobini. Make up:1. 2 beta chains2. 2 alpha chains3. Heme on inside that carries iron4. Oxygen does not attach very tightly to ironii. Characteristics:1. Cooperativity a. When 1 oxygen attached to iron, it goes through a conformational change that allows for a greater affinity for more oxygen molecules to be attached 2. Allosteric3. Higher affinity for carbon monoxidea. Carbon monoxide poisoning – blocksbinding of oxygeniii. Figure 42.321. In body → CO2 produced2. CO2 follows concentration gradient into capillaries and moves through membrane and into plasma and then into WBC3. CO2 binds to water (to make carbonic acid) to form bicarbonate ion to create a hydrogen ion4. CO2 can then bind to hemoglobin with the help of the a hydrogen ion5. This makes the oxygen release6. Moves to lungs7. Then when it moves out to lungs there is a reverse of the above processa. Bicarbonate and H ion bind to make carbonic acid that will release CO2 and water which will move from RBC to capillary to membrane to interstitial fluid to bodyiv. Figure 42.1 – Bohr shif1. Important because the H ion changes the pH from about 7.6 to about 7.22. Tells hemoglobin to get rid of oxygenv. Hydrogen ion – negative allosteric modulatorsvi. Nitric oxide – allows for the relaxation of capillaries that increases the flow of oxygenvii. Fetal hemoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen than mother1. Doesn’t have beta chains (has gamma chains)a. Sickle cell anemia is a problem with beta chains2. Plateletsa. Important for blood clottingb. Figure 42.18*** - Clotting factors come from platelets, damaged cells and plasma (Ca, vitamin K)i. tear in wall exposes collagenii. Factors released → enzymatic cascade → activates prothrombin to thrombin (which can produce positive feedback for enzymatic cascade) → thrombin activates fibrinogen to fibrin → fibrin forms fibrous part of clot called an embolus on collagen which will trap RBCsiii. Plasmin will break up embolusc. Hemophilia – problem with clotting3. Leukocytes – white blood cells (WBC)a. Basophilsb. Lymphocytes i. Immune response – antibodies 1. When antibodies bind, they go through agglutination (basically forms a ball of antibodies and the things it attacked)Blood types Antigen antibodyA A BB B AAB A, B NoneO None A, B2. Rh factora. Erythroblastosis fetalisb. Rh- mom and Rh+ dad produces Rh+ baby. This causes mom to beexposed to Rh+ blood and would make her produce antibodies againstRh+ blood and could eventually kill baby because mom’s blood attacks baby’s bloodi. Blood doesn’t cross to fetus but antibodies doc. Eosinophils – least commoni. Increase due to worms and allergiesii. Histamine responsed. Monocytes – second most common e. Neutrophils – most commoni. Phagocytic – eat