BY 124 9th Edition Lecture 4Outline of Last Lecture Chapter 30 I. AngiospermsII. Monocots and EudicotsChapter 35I. Flowering Plant Anatomy OverviewII. Types of RootsIII. Evolutionary adaptations of roots IV. Evolutionary adaptations of leaves V. Types of Plant Cells Outline of Current Lecture Chapter 35I. Plant Tissue Systems II. Plant GrowthIII. Types of Plant Life CyclesIV. Primary GrowthV. Types of Primary Growth VI. Secondary GrowthVII. Leaf AnatomyChapter 36I. Overview of Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants\II. Solute TransportIII. Water Transport and MovementIV. Transmembrane RoutesV. Transport from Root Hairs to XylemCurrent LectureChapter 35 (cont.)I. Plant Tissue Systemsa. Epidermal/ Dermal Tissue These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. Protects plant ii. Cuticleiii. Gets replaced by periderm as plants grow in secondary growthiv. Forms bark and cork → deadb. Vascular Tissuei. Transport and supportii. Xylem and phloemc. Ground Tissue i. Usually parenchymal tissueii. Storage, support, metabolismII. Plant Growtha. Meristems – undifferentiated tissuei. Found anywhere plant hasn’t stopped growingb. Primary growth (ex. Herbaceous plants)i. Upward growthc. Indeterminate growth i. Can grow as long as they live ii. Due to meristemd. Do organs of plants have indeterminate growth? NO.i. Will only grow to a specific sizeIII. Types of Plant Life Cyclesa. Annuals – 1 year life span (bloom, seed, and die in 1 yr)b. Biennials – 2 year life span (1 yr grow, 1 year bloom and seed)c. Perenials – pretty much lives until something kills them, don’t typically die of old ageIV. Primary Growth (Figure 35.13) – apical meristema. Root cap (on end) – protects meristem and secretes slimy material to push through soil easier b. Zone of cell division (including apical meristem) (behind root cap) – will see threeprimary meristems here, grow by mitosisc. Zone of elongation – grow by elongation→ dermal tissue → vascular tissue → ground meristem Meristemsprotodermprecambiumground meristemd. Zone of differentiation/maturation – distinctive tissue types show up as well as root hairsV. Organization of Primary Growth a. Roots (Figure 35.14)i. Eudicots1. Dermal tissuea. Epidermis2. Ground tissue a. Cortexb. Endodermis – “gatekeeper,” very specialized and selective3. Vascular tissue a. Vascular cylinderb. Pericycle – meristematic cells that allow growth of lateral roots (Figure 35.15)c. Xylem d. Phloemii. Monocots 1. Dermal tissuea. Epidermis2. Ground tissue a. Cortex b. endodermis3. Vascular tissuea. Vascular cylinderb. Pericycle c. Xylem d. Phloeme. Core of parenchymal cellsb. Leaves (Figure 35.16)i. Leaf primordia – finger-like projections along sides of apical meristemc. Stems (Figure 35.17)i. Monocots- vascular bundles are scattered ii. Eudicots – vascular bundles in ring VI. Secondary Growth (Figure 35.19) – lateral meristema. Vascular cambium – meristematic cells, ALL vascular tissue (Figure 35.20)i. Xylem accumulates in a tree, phloem does not1. Rings on a tree (early vs. late wood)a. Helps look at climate patternsb. Cork cambium (+ cork = periderm) – secretes suberin (waxy covering) to protect stemi. Bark = cork cambium + cork + phloem1. Cork cambium “eats” phloem and creates cork which all together makes bark2. Phloem never accumulates because , although it grows every year,it gets “eaten” by cork cambium3. Phloem will spit from primary growth to make room for secondarygrowthVII. Leaf Anatomya. Stoma – “mouth”b. Palisade – “column”c. Spongy – lots of holesd. Bladee. Petiole Chapter 36: Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular PlantsI. Overview of Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants (Figure 36.2)a. Only ~1% water is used in photosynthesis i. Most water leaves treeb. NO photosynthesis in rootsi. Do cellular respiration instead therefore they need oxygenII. Solute Transport (Figure 36.7)a. Proton pumps → hydrolyze energyi. Pump hydrogen out of cellii. Hydrogen wants inside die to negative charge inside and the concentration gradientb. Sucrose → cotransport of neutral solutes – can “hitch” ride with hydrogenc. Nitrate → cotransport of ions d. Ion channels → directed by concentration gradientIII. Water Potential and Movement (Figure 36.8)a. Water moves faster than predicted by diffusion alonei. Due to aquaporins (water-specific transport channels)b. Water ALWAYS moves passivelyi. Can have facilitated diffusion but doesn’t use any energyc. Types of movement (Figure 36.9)i. Isotonic – same solute and solventii. Hypertonic – more solvent, less soluteiii. Hypotonic – less solvent, more solute 1. Plants prefer being hypotonic because it increases turgor pressurea. Doesn’t pop because of cell wallsIV. Transmembrane Routesa. Three ways water moves through cell walls i. Apoplastic route – doesn’t cross any membranes (cell walls only)ii. Symplastic route – 1 membrane, passes through plasmodesmataiii. Transmembrane route – all membranesV. Transport from Root Hairs to Xylema. Can’t go around endodermisi. Has Casparian stripii. Probably only cell that makes water go through