BY 124 9th Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture Chapter 29I. Nonvascular vs. Vascular Characteristics II. Nonvascular PlantsIII. Seedless Vascular PlantsChapter 30I. Three Advantages to seed plants over non-seeded/early plantsII. Review Figure 30.2III. Gymnosperms (Figure 30.3 and Figure 30.5)Outline of Current Lecture Chapter 30 I. AngiospermsII. Monocots and EudicotsChapter 35I. Flowering Plant Anatomy OverviewII. Types of RootsIII. Evolutionary adaptations of roots IV. Evolutionary adaptations of leaves V. Types of Plant CellsCurrent LectureChapter 30 (cont.)I. Angiosperms (~140 mya)a. Phylum Anthophyta (only phylum)i. Flowering plants have seeds enclosed in ovaryii. Pollination done by windiii. Have another cell in xylem called vessel cells iv. All sepals form the calyx (group of sepals)v. Fruit helps disperse seeds These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.vi. Alternation of generationsvii. Heterosporousviii. Get 8 nuclei from mitosis but only 7 cells1. Generative and tube cells come from 1st mitotic event 2. Sperm and “sperm” come from 2nd mitotic eventix. Sperm joins with egg and sterile “sperm” binds with polar nuclei 1. Double fertilization is unique to angiospermsx. Polar nuclei forms endospore as food for embryo II. Monocots and Eudicots (Figure 30.13)a. Monocots (ex. Orchids, lilies, grass)i. One cotyledon (embryo)ii. Veins usually paralleliii. Vascular tissue scattered iv. Fibrous rootv. Pollen grain with 1 openingvi. Usually occur in multiples of 3b. Eudicots i. Two cotyledonsii. Veins are usually netlike iii. Vascular tissue usually arranged in ringiv. Tap rootv. Pollen grain with 3 openingsvi. Floral organs in multiples of 4 or 5Chapter 35: Plant Structure, Growth, and DevelopmentI. Flowering Plant Anatomy Overview (Figure 35.2)a. Root system – water and nutrients, hold/anchor, storageb. Shoot system – main body, reproductionc. Leaf i. Blade ii. Petiole (stem of leaf)d. Vegetative shoot – forms leaves and fruite. Reproductive shoot – forms flowerf. Nodes are where plants have things attached to them - Did NOT undergo cytokinesis - “polar” nuclei-has 2 nucleig. Apical (on top) and axillary (on stem) budsII. Types of Roots (Figure 35.4)a. Adventitious root – any root that arises after embryonic state of plantb. Root hairs – increase surface area, not adventitious rootsc. “strangling” roots- aerial rootsd. Pneumatophores – help with aire. Buttress roots – support f. Prop roots – support g. Storage roots – stores food and water III. Evolutionary adaptations of stemsa. Rhizomes – stem-like root, not an actual root, grows close to surfaceb. Bulb – underground shoots that store food (onions)c. Stolons – “runners”, allow plant to reproduce asexually (strawberries)d. Tubers – enlarged ends of rhizomes or stolons specialized for storage of food (potatoes)IV. Evolutionary adaptations of leaves a. Tendrils – help “move” plants (beans)b. Spines – protection (cacti)c. Storage leaves – store water (aloe plants)d. Reproductive leaves – produce adventitious leaves that can fall off and take root in soile. Bracts – modified leaves (poinsettias- red part)V. Types of Plant Cells (Figure 35.10)a. Parenchyma – found everywhere! i. Relatively unspecializedii. Supportiii. No secondary cell walliv. Thin, flexiblev. VERY large central vacuolevi. Where most cell activity occursvii. Mature cells do not divideb. Collenchyma i. No secondary cell wall capable of elongation 1. Plant takes in water and stretches cells upii. Support of young plants and stems of non-woody plantsc. Sclerenchymai. Secondary cell wallii. Ligniniii. Found in areas of plant that have stopped growingiv. Dead areas but can still grow if neededd. Xylem cells (Tracheophytes)i. Two types:1. Vessel elements – help transport water throughout plant by micropipes 2. Tracheids - small micropipes ii. Holes in cell wall – plasmodesmataiii. Dead at maturitye. Phloem cells i. Two types:1. Sieve tube – lose nuclei and organelles → now just a bag of cytoplasm2. Companion cells – help support sieve tubes ii. The two types come from same stem cells but develop differently iii. Alive at