BY 124 1st Edition Lecture 7Outline of Last Lecture Chapter 37I. Nutritional Adaptations in Plants (cont.)Chapter 39I. Signal Transduction PathwayII. Example of STPIII. Plant HormonesIV. Plant MovementOutline of Current Lecture Chapter 39I. Plant Movement (cont.)II. Photoperiodic Control of Flowering III. How does the plant know about photoperiods?IV. Red vs. Far Red LightV. Plant “immune”/Regulation SystemVI. Symbiotic Relationship between Parasitoid Wasps and PlantsChapter 31I. Kingdom FungiII. Nutrition Mode of FungiIII. Structural Organization of FungiIV. Growth and Reproduction of FungiV. Historical Aspect of Fungi (Figure 31.8)VI. Chyrtridiomycota VII. ZygomycetesVIII. GlomeromycetesIX. Ascomycetes Current LectureChapter 39 (cont.)I. Plant Movement (cont.)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Phototropismb. Gravitropismc. Thigmotropism- growth by touchi. Thigmomorphogenesis – “if I’m touching you, I’m going to affect your shape”d. Turgor movementi. Two types:1. Rapid leaf movement – touch it and it folds its leaves in2. Sleep movement – deals with circadian rhythmsII. Photoperiodic Control of Flowering (Figure 39.21)a. Photoperiodism – a physiological response to photo periodi. Short-day (long-night) plants – bloom in fall time frame because don’t likelong periods of light/ want longer nights1. Needs dark period to be longer than light periodii. Long-day (short-night) plants – bloom in spring time frame because they want lots of light/ not a lot of darkness1. Needs dark period to be shorter than light periodiii. ***Critical period of darkness1. Plant Grafting (Figure 39.23)a. If you graft a plant of one type (long vs short day) onto the other type of plant and subject it to other light conditions, something (unknown at the moment) moves between plants and causes it to bloom.III. How does the plant know about light periods? (Figure 39.18)a. Because of chromophores i. Contain light absorbing pigment called phytochromeb. Phytochrome initiates photoreceptor activity which determines light from the chromophore. c. This signals kinase activity which will phosphorylate something in the plant.IV. Red vs Far Red Lighta. Pr – main form of phytochrome found at night b. Pfr – main form of phytochrome found during dayV. Plant “Immune”/Regulation System (Figure 39.29)a. Using signal transduction pathway to alert rest of plant that is getting sickb. Some plants produce salicylic acid when they get “sick”i. Salicylic acid = aspirinVI. Symbiotic Relationship Between Plants and Parasitoid Wasps (Figure 39.28)a. When the plant is wounded or it recognizes/ reacts with the chemicals in the caterpillar saliva, it uses a signal transduction pathway to synthesize and release volatile attractions that attract parasitoid waspsb. Parasitoid wasps will be attracted/recruited to plant and these wasps will lay their eggs inside the body of the caterpillari. This keeps the caterpillar from becoming a reproducing adult because once the eggs hatch the larvae will eat the insides of the caterpillar************************ END OF TEST 1 MATERIAL ********************************Chapter 31: FungiI. Kingdom Fungia. Eukaryotici. Differ from usual eukaryotes in:1. Nutrition mode 2. Structural organization3. Growth and reproduction*** symbiotic relationship with mycorrhizae Symbiotic relationship with ants/ termites (farm fungus with leaves and eats it (Figure 31.22)II. Nutrition Mode of Fungia. Heterotrophs (more related to animals than plants because of this)i. Absorptive, not ingestive like humans1. Send out enzymes into surroundings to break down food outside of body and then absorbs it2. Both absorptive and ingestive heterotrophy is extracellular digestion a. Humans- digested in gut but gut is located outside of cells that took in foodb. Fungus- out of body completelyii. Saprophytic – “saprobes”1. Live on dead things iii. Parasitic 1. Live on living things2. Mainly used so they can absorb nitrogen and can get products from carbon cycle from other plants and don’t have to deal with it on their ownIII. Structural Organization of Fungi (Figure 31.2)a. Hyphae – form mats called myceliumi. Only part of plant you usually eat is gonadsii. If parasitic fungus, referred to as “haustorum”1. Digests carbs from other plantsiii. If not parasitic, sometimes pull fungus in/anchors it 1. Rhizoidiv. Specialized hyphae (31.4)1. Can sometimes trap nematodes and digest themv. Two forms of hyphae (Figure 31.3):1. Septate hypha a. Septum – separates nuclei with partitions with holes to allow communication2. Coenocytic hypha a. Nuclei aren’t separatedIV. Growth and Reproduction of Fungia. Dominant stage = haploidi. Have 2 separate haploid nuclei with distinctive genetics 1. Can do meiosis ii. Fungi grow from tipiii. Most fungi do sexual reproduction ONLY when times are bad1. To facilitate genetic diversityiv. Life cycle of fungus (Figure 31.5)1. Asexual a. Spores created from mitosis and fall into mycelium2. Sexual a. Mycelium come together to form plasmogamyb. Karyogamy produces zygotec. Zygote → meiosis → spores → germinationV. Historical Aspect of Fungi (Figure 31.8)a. Some diverged to animals and some didn’t VI. Chyrtridiomycota a. Mycologists – study fungib. Have flagella (only fungus to have flagellated sperm)c. Chitind. Absorptive e. Basically most characteristics like other fungi except for the flagellated spermVII. Zygomycetesa. Coenocyticb. Rhizopus Life Cycle (Figure 31.13) 1. Aka “black bread mold”2. Multicellular 3. No differentiated cell typesi. Asexual1. Sporangium releases spores by mitosisii. Sexual1. Not male or female, different mating types ( - & + )a. Two types come together → plasmogamyi. Heterokaryotic state1. Form young zygosporangium (can remain like this for months)2. Produce nuclei → karyogamy3. Diploid nuclei to create sporangium throughmeiosis4. Sporangium releases haploid spores VIII. Glomeromycetesa. Often endomycorrhizae (inside cells)IX. Ascomycetesa. Largest group of Fungib. Very diversec. Aka “sac fungi”d. Life cycle (31.17)1. Ex. Mildew, yeast, lichens (between fungus and something photosynthetic)2. Sends off sorida when lichen wants to reproduce3. Ascocarp of fungusi. Asexual 1. spore and sporangiumii. sexual 1. Candida (“dust”) meets with opposite type →