BY 124 1st Edition Lecture 16 Outline of Last Lecture Chapter 41 cont I In stomach II Hormones III Small intestine IV Other organs used in digestion a Liver b Gall bladder c Bile d Pancreas e Cecum f V Large intestine Nutrition Outline of Current Lecture I Respiration II 2 classes of respiratory surfaces III Marine organisms IV Terrestrial organisms V Nose VI Pharynx VII Larynx VIII Esophagus IX Trachea These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute X Lungs XI How do you breathe XII Important terms XIII Birds XIV Circulatory System XV Veins XVI Heart Current Lecture Chapter 42 I Respiration a Small animals Diffusion across moist membrane II 2 classes of respiratory surfaces i Outward oriented outside of body 1 parapodia ii Inward oriented inside creature 1 Lungs b 4 things in common i Have to stay moist ii Need large surface area iii Have to have a way to take oxygen from those structures to other cells of body iv Need protection III Marine organisms a Gills b Countercurrent exchange mechanism Figure 42 23 i Operculum pumps water into gills ii Oxygen moves from water into blood because water and blood are flowing in opposite directions iii Uses concentration gradients to transfer oxygen into blood iv By running in opposite directions it increases the amount of oxygen that can be absorbed by blood 1 If they were running concurrent then they would not be able to absorb as much 50 would be as much as it could absorb IV Terrestrial animals a Easier to breathe on land b Two types of respiratory systems i Tracheal system figure 42 24 1 No true organs associated with it mainly just ducts tubules a Cartilagenous rings hold tubes open 2 Only in small animals like insects 3 Bigger insects have wings and this allows them to get more oxygen into their bodies which allows them to stay large ii Lungs figure 42 25 1 Primitive fishes most amphibians all reptiles birds mammals 2 External respiration a Exchange oxygen from air into blood which then moves into tissue fluid 3 Internal respiration a Out of circulatory system into cell b Into cell Electron Transport Chain ATP c Main reason for oxygen intake is for ATP production using the electron transport chain d Modified nostrils V Nose a Hair in nose i Filter air ii Warm air b Mucosa lining moistens air VI Pharynx VII Larynx voice box a Ligaments in voice box vibrate to cause sounds b Length thickness and degree of elasticity alter pitch of voice i Testosterone changes elasticity to deepen voice VIII Esophagus a Epiglottis covers glottis IX Trachea a Upward pointing cilia i Used to catch things from going into lungs 1 Cough out ii Can be restored if destroyed X Lungs a Branches into Bronchus which branches further into bronchioles that will have alveoli on ends i Alveoli little sac 1 Covered by capillaries 2 Only one cell thick to allow for faster diffusion 3 Simple diffusion a As soon as air moves into lungs it will immediately start to get into blood stream by capillaries 4 Lined with film of lipoprotein which reduces surface tension of alveoli a Keeps them from collapse b Only made at very end of embryonic development i Premature babies lack this protein at first b Provides oxygen for heart c Surrounded by pleural membranes i Like a double walled sac 1 One adheres to lung and one adheres to body cavity wall XI How do you breathe a Increase in CO2 and increase of hydrogen ions which decreases pH and is sensed in blood b Breathing control centers in pons and medulla oblongata sense above conditions c We breathe by negative pressure i Air is pulled in not pushed d Sensed by nerves in diaphragm which tells rib cage to open and expand chest cavity e Atmospheric pressure is lower than that inside lungs f Back up system Chemo receptors in aorta and carotid arteries are looking for low oxygen levels i Carotid goes to brain ii Aorta comes from lungs g Stretch alveoli which stimulates receptors i Stops sending oxygen h Exhale i XII Rib cage gets smaller which deflates lung and ribcage Important terms to know dealing with lungs breathing a Tidal air volume of air taken in or out with a single breath b Vital capacity max volume of air that can be inhaled exhaled during forced breathing c Residual volume air that remains in lungs when you force out all that you can XIII Birds a Different type of respiratory system air sacs b Parabronchi not alveoli c One way system i Fills air sacs and then fills lungs d 1st inhale moves into lungs upon first exhale e 2nd inhalation moves into air sacs and exhaled upon 2nd exhalation XIV Circulatory system a Open and closed Figure 42 3 i Insects open 1 Long tube that runs down body that has a pump that pumps hemolymph blood interstitial fluid into heart and pools which bathes tissues Does not carry oxygen only located in tracheal system ii Humans closed 1 Blood is totally separated from interstitial fluid and moves into heart which transports blood through small bronchial tubes b Figure 42 9 c Figure 42 10 i Arteries 1 Go away from heart 2 Arteriole small artery ii Capillaries iii Veins 1 Go towards heart 2 Venule smaller vein iv Composition 1 Connective tissue 2 Smooth muscle 3 Simple squamous lining of endothelial layer 4 Endothelium 5 Basal lamina only in capillaries d Figure 42 14 capillary beds i Blood moves into capillary beds with a lot of surface area Velocity slows and blood pressure decreases from arteries to veins ii Things can leave by 1 Clefts or openings between cells 2 Simple diffusion 3 Vesicles iii When sphincters are contracted it narrows down capillary bed to a single route iv When sphincters are relaxed more capillary beds are open v Usually open most during digestion e Figure 42 15 how things leave i Blood pressure hydrostatic pressure is highest on arterial side Therefore it pushes things out like water glucose etc 1 Things that won t leave are blood cells and proteins because they are too big ii Osmotic pressure ability for something to take up water 1 Water leaves because of blood pressure but will ultimately come back in because of the concentration gradient 2 The water that does not return is interstitial fluid but it will come back eventually f XV Vascular shock results from too much water Veins Figure 42 13 a Valves are open because of skeletal muscles that push XVI Heart Figure 42 a Main part myocardium myo muscle b Inner part endocardium c Inner wall sac pericardium i Contains a little