UGC 111 1st Edition Lecture 8 Outline of Last Lecture I Athens Outline of Current Lecture II Greek Science and Philosophy Current Lecture Greek Science and Philosophy Socrates 469 399 B C Dialectic Plato 427 347 Academy Allegory of the Cave Theory of Forms Deductive Reasoning Aristotle 384 322 History of Animals Inductive Reasoning Genus species Linnaeus 18th century Vertebrates and Invertebrates Zeno 300 Stoicism Logos Archimedes 287 212 Archimedes screw pulley Euclid 300 Father of Geometry The Elements Aristosthenes 276 194 Geography astronomy Hippocrates 460 380 Father of medicine Galen 129 199 A D Human anatomy The gods often acted in immoral ways the humans did not believe that the world was created by God This led them to question life and the world around them and to formulate ideas which became the basis of science and philosophy Philosophers knew the world was round and that the planets rotated their mistake was that they believed the solar system was geocentric Poor understanding of technology Pythagorean by means of plucking a one stringed instrument noticed that major intervals octave major 5th and major 4th are in a ratio to one another if that can be seen then everything seen in the world has a numerical counterpart Socrates Athens Young men in Athens adored him met with them in the painted stoa and talked about philosophy These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Did not believe in Greek mythology focused on ethics what it is to be moral Dialectic Socratic Method question and answer dialog Plato was his student 399 accused of bringing in foreign gods and corrupting the youth brought to trial and found guilty Plato Established the Academy gave lectures on many different subjects The Academy is the first institution of higher learning in the western world Wrote on all sorts of subjects Believed that knowledge is virtue since knowledge can be taught virtue can be taught Believed no one willingly does something evil evil is a result of ignorance knowledge and learning are important Wrote a book about an ideal society The Republic Saw things in contrast such as the soul and the body Soul is made up of three things appetite spirit reason parallel to Freud s beliefs Society is like a human three parts production workers protectors warriors governors rulers Wrote dialogs that using the Socratic Method tried to define issues in the subjects of ethics logic religion mathematics philosophy and love Method of analysis deductive reasoning having an idea or hypothesis and trying to prove it gathering evidence to support the idea Theory of Forms All human beings are like people trapped in a cave everything we see around us is light from outside the cave casting shadows on the inside of the cave meaning the things we see are not real the real things are outside of the cave and reality is something we cannot see things emanate from a higher power antidemocratic Perfect king shows things for what they really are Aristotle Plato s student Attended Plato s lectures gave lectures after Plato died Wrote on physics biology zoology ethics logic poetry music linguistics and politics Today regarded as having produced the first comprehensive system of western philosophy one of the most intellectual individuals in the history of humanity Rejected Plato s theory of forms believed everything we see and touch are real known as inductive reasoning opposite of deductive reasoning Inductive reasoning putting data together and formulating a conclusion based on the data that you see based on viewing the data in front of you basis of the scientific method empirical method opposite of religion basis of science Went to Lesbos and cataloged over 500 animals by genus and species o Identified 170 different types of birds o Wrote the history of animals basis of zoology o Dissected over 50 types of animals o Separated aquatic life into 2 types mammals and fish o Introduced vertebrates and invertebrates o Subcategorized those that give live birth and those that give birth to eggs Noticed that all natural living things have a potential they grow from one stage of development to another applied this to mankind mankind s potential is to live happily which can be done by living in accordance to reason live rationally Established rules of logic proving something is true Ideas were taken up by a student Zeno Zeno Met his students at the stoa and lectured them Using Aristotle s idea determined that the world is rationally ordered created by God Stoicism being schooled at the stoa The material world is a unity with a set of natural laws they are rational the guiding principle is reason Stoics say the aim of life is to use your reason in harmony with nature Since God made the world and all human beings it is our duty to live in harmony with nature because we are just a part of it we are therefore all equal and should obey the natural laws because they are rational Stoics believed in a brotherhood of mankind included slaves Stoicism became popular in the Roman Empire and its influence continued used within the Declaration of Independence Euclid Father of Geometry Wrote a textbook on geometry called The Elements describing proofs rational numbers etc used as a standard textbook until the 20 th century A D Archimedes Invented a siege machine catapult Credited with inventing the block and tackle Invented the Archimedes screw used in irrigation to get water from one level up to another Mathematician on physics and astronomy First person to accurately calculate the value of pi Determined the volume of a sphere Aristothenes Calculated the circumference of the world Knew the distance between the sun and the moon Calculated that the sun is 27x the size of the earth it is actually 18x the size of the earth Hippocrates Father of Medicine Came up with treatments for specific symptoms Galen Explained function of brain center of nervous system Explained function of eye Function of ovary Function of heart pumping blood Performed many dissections Book Human Anatomy used as a textbook until 17th century