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UB UGC 111 - Islam

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UGC 111 1st Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture I. IslamOutline of Current Lecture II. Islam (cont.)Current LectureIslam:- After Mohammad’s death, a successor was chosen by his people called a Caliph- Upon these successors being introduced, Islam burst- Large military expansion - Welfare programs established for poor, orphans, elderly, widows, disabled- Trade was not taxed - Koran compiled by 650- 680 – Houssein Ali elected to be the next Caliph, related to Mohammad – assassinated by a rival group of people (a dynasty)- Dynasty moved and Baghdad became capital of Islam- Leadership became more lavish and royal unlike the original successors- Baghdad had royal court, trade center, governed Islamic world- Battle of Karbala (680) – argued about how Caliphs should be appointed By the community – Sunni By someone related to him – Shiite - Body of religious scholars, Uluma – interpreted Koran and Hadith, compiled Islamic law code Shariah- Shariah comments on all aspects of daily life Covers religious ritual Comments on politics Economic matters Judicial matters, application of laws Social issues – marriage, divorce, inheritance, childcare, food and drink  States that Muslims are forbidden from marrying someone that does not believe in God A Muslim man can marry either a Jew or a Christian but does not apply to women These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Governs personal etiquette – women should protect themselves from the gaze ofothers, protect their bodies, cover everything including their hair - men should cover themselves from waist to knees Differs from western law in three ways o Some of the flaws in the Shariah are believed to be divinely inspired (others based on traditional practice)o Includes virtually all actions that take place in a person’s life, all encompassing – has a scale where all things are weighed; some actions are commanded (must do them), some are recommended, some are disapproved of, and some are forbiddeno Practically unchangeable - 1200 – Shariah had formed a series of legal principles which included;  The presumption of innocence (innocent until proven guilty) Usury is forbidden All Muslims are judged equally before the law If a Muslim was brought to court, he had the right for legal representation Certain human rights guaranteed Forbidden for any legal action to be taken on the basis of race or religion or familial tie- ~ 900 – 1100: Golden Age of Islam  Islam spread its territory and also established itself  5 hospitals in Baghdad run by public money  Centers of learning Cordova - over a million people Library of 400,000 volumes  900 public baths  80,000 shops  Islamic scholars translated texts (into Arabic) which they got from Greece, Persia, and India  Islamic scholars approved of certain Greek authors (Pythagoras, Aristotle, etc.) “He who pursues the road to knowledge, God will direct to the road of paradise” – knowledge was very important; since God created the world, it was obligatory for a Muslim to try to understand it  Oldest Mosque: Great Mosque Damascus o Islam forbids figured pictures but this mosque was full of murals – it was made too early, escaped it Cordova – Mosque (built in 987) o Mihrad – chamber that faces toward Mecca o Very decorative, elaborate Muslims came in contact with the east – Persia, India, China – opened up trade routes which led to prosperityo Traded a number of items that were new to the western world o Imported silk from China, porcelain, spices (cinnamon), cotton, fruit (oranges, lemons, apricots), cane sugar- 398 (before Mohammad’s birth) Christians in the city of Alexandria burnt down a huge library- Islamic science (900 – 1100) – came into contact with many texts and absorbed it, most developed science in the world; Mathematicso Our number/decimal system came from Arabso Concept of zero o Geometry – applying it to architecture and music o Pythagorean theoremo Any word in the English language starting with al- is an Arabic word; algebra, algorithm Astronomy o Observatory to look at stars and calculate movement of stars and planets o Preserved Ptolemy’s text Almagest which reconstructed our solar systemo Constellations and planetary systemso Astrolabe – tool used to determine your longitude and latitude by the stars (important so they could tell where they were in relation to Mecca)o Sextant – used to determine where you are o Time-keeping (important because they must pray 5 times a day – coordinated)  Botany/Zoology o Especially interested in pharmaceutical use of plants (medicine) o Encyclopedias of animals  Medicine o Many medical texts translated to Arabico Texts written on gynecology, pediatrics, etc.o Medical encyclopedias on how to treat illnesso Surgical textbooks o College of Medicine (13th century) in Baghdad and Damascus with their own hospitals including library, childcare, separate wings for different illnesses, etc. Engineering o Developed accurate water clock, double action pump, complex gear system- 1 in every 4 people in the world are Muslim - There are two sects; Sunni and Shiite  Shiite is about 14% - modern day live in Iran and Southern Iraq  Shiites use names not used by Sunnis – Ex. Abdul Shiites pray differently, have different postures Shiites pay more for charity Have different festivals Ignore the rule that you cannot make pictures with figures in them - Two other sects that are important; Wahhabism, Taliban  Taliban – northern Afghanistan, conservative form of Islam, strictly enforce Shariah; computers, education for women are forbidden Wahhabism – official sect in Saudi Arabia, very conservation, only believes in texts dating to first 3 Caliphs after Mohammad’s death, strictly enforces Shariah, forbids music, women driving cars, dancing,


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