UGC 111 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 6 - 12Lecture 6 (February 23)In ancient Greece, mythology was very common and used for many different everyday situations; explanation, didactic, example, and consolation. Ancient Greece also marked the start of city-states and the end of citadels. Important buildings were from this period such as the Parthenon, the forum, and the Theater of Dionysus. Creation myths explained how the earth and everything on it were made. Greek creation didn’t come from a person, it was natural and organic and there was no mention of mankind. They believed that everything started with earth who bore sky, mountains, sea, ocean, Chronos, Rhea, and the Titans. They then bore sun, moon, stars, and wind. There was a battle between the first and second generations of gods, theTitans and the Olympian gods. The Olympics originated here and continued to be held every 4 years. Homeric gods were strong, beautiful, and immortal but did not have control over everything, did not know everything, and could not be everywhere at once. With Greek gods, mankind did not look up to them and they weren’t very connected with them. From the Homeric gods stemmed reactions that generated Greek Philosophy (Xenophanes, Anaximander, Pythagoras). Then there was the start of empirical thinking – looking at the evidence around you to solve something. Lecture 7 (February 25) The city-state of Athens played a major role in Greek society. The area controlled by Athens was organized by deme. Athens was a direct democracy – the earliest known in history and also the longest uninterrupted democracy besides the USA. The democracy was based on the assembly which met once a month to vote on laws. There was a council of 500 people called the ‘boule’ which supervised most financial decisions. The population was ~250,000, 150,000 of which were citizens, and about 50,000 males had the right to vote. Being a citizen and having the right to vote were based on establishment in the deme and military service. Downtown Athens contained a civic center in the town square (similar to forum in Rome) surrounded by walls and a religious center called Acropolis meaning ‘upper city’. Acropolis was up on a hill and separatedfrom the ground below by a gate to symbolize going from a secular area to a sacred one as you entered. The assembly met near here at a speaker’s podium where they took votes by a show ofhands. Agora was a large open square also in downtown Athens with many buildings that was framed by stoas on 2 sides. Stoas were similar to modern day malls and acted as social centers. The painted stoa is where Socrates met his students. The royal stoa is where officers of Atheniandemocracy took their oath of office and the constitution was kept here. The Parthenon was builtafter the Trojan War and became the major temple of Athena (patron Goddess of Athens) and contained many sculptures representing military conquests and battles. The Erechtheum is areligious building that housed various cults and had a famous veranda featuring statues of women in place of columns. Lecture 8 (March 2)One of the greatest things Ancient Greece is known for is the introduction of science and philosophy. Greek people were aware that gods acted in immoral ways and did not believe that the world was created by God, so they often questioned life and the world around them. This questioning was the basis for science that is used today. They knew that the earth was round and that planets rotated but their mistake was thinking that the solar system was geocentric (earth was the center of it). Pythagoras discovered the major musical intervals octave, major 5th and major 4th and noticed that everything in the world has a numerical counterpart. Socrates of Athens focused on ethics and created the Socratic Method – question and answer dialog (dialectic). Plato established the Academy, the first institution of higher learning in the western world, where he gave lectures on many different subjects. He wrote a book about the ideal society called The Republic and saw things in contrast such as the soul and the body. He believed that knowledge is a virtue, that no one willingly does something evil (evil is a result of ignorance) and he created the Theory of Forms. He believed that the soul was made up of appetite, spirit, and reason and that society is like a human with three parts: production, protectors, and governors. Aristotle was Plato’s student and wrote on many different subjects, he was considered one of the most intellectual individuals in the history of humanity. He believed in inductive reasoning which is the opposite of deductive; everything we see and touchare real. In inductive reasoning, you put data together and formulate a conclusion based on the data – this was the basis of the scientific method. He went to Lesbos and catalogued over 500 animals by genus and species. He also established the rules of logic (proving something is true). Zeno, who took up Aristotle’s ideas, determined that the world is rationally ordered and createdby God. He made stoicism popular which believed the aim of life is to use reason in harmony with nature because God made the world and human beings so thisbis our duty because we arejust a part of it. Euclid was the father of geometry and wrote a textbook called The Elements which was used as a standard textbook until the 20th century. Archimedes invented a catapulted and was credited with inventing the block and tackle. He also invented the Archimedes screw which was important in irrigation to get water from one level up to another. He was the first person to accurately calculate the value of pi and determined the volume of a sphere. Aristosthenes calculated the circumference of the world, knew the distance between the sun and the moon, and calculated that the sun is 27x the size of the earth when it is actually the sizeof the earth. Hippocrates is the father of medicine. Galen explained much of the human anatomy including the function of the heart.Lecture 9 (March 4)The Hellenistic Period was an important age in Ancient Greece. Alexander the Great lived in the time at the end of the classical period and at the end of the 4th century. He set out and conquered all of Greece, and sought revenge o Persia for their invasion of the east. He put an end to city-states and his conquests lived on after his death through his generals. Because of him, Greece was in control