LIFE 103 1st Edition Lecture 11 Outline of Last Lecture II Main Sections I Anatomy II Growth III Main Plant Organs I Roots II Stems Outline of Current Lecture IV Main Sections I Anatomy II Growth V Main Plant Organs I Roots II Stems III Leaves VI Terms to look up VII 3 Tissues I Dermal II Vascular III Ground VIII Plant Development IX Meristems X Fig 35 11 XI Fig 35 12 XII Primary Growth XIII Secondary Growth XIV Root Growth Current Lecture Plant Structure and Development 1 and 2 Main sections I Anatomy I Structures II Cells These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute II Growth I Cells A summary of Life I Reproduce ultimate goal I Eat II Grow III Avoid dying II Fig 35 2 a diagram of a dicot I Take stuff above ground and call it the shoot system II Stuff below ground are the root systems III Axillary bud where new branch can come out IV Leaf blade plus petiole holds leaf to the stem V Vegetative shoot structure that comes out an apical bud is at the end apex top 3 Main Plant Organs Root I Roots I Anchors the plant in place II Absorbs minerals and water III Store carbohydrates II Taproot main vertical root I Present in most gymnosperms and eudicots II Deeply penetrates III Lateral roots branch off taproot IV Root hairs grow off lateral roots I Finer roots that access water and nutrients II Have very high surface area 3 Main Plant Organs Stem I II III IV V Stalk upon which leaves grow I Shoot system stem leaves Nodes point on stem where leaves are attached Internodes stem segments between nodes Axillary bud structure that can form a lateral shoot I Growth inhibited by proximity to apical bud Apical terminal bud elongation point of a growing shoot I Composed of developing leaves nodes and internodes 3 Main Plant Organs Leaf I II III Main photosynthetic organ Blade flattened structure Petiole small leaf stem that joins the leaf to the stem at a node where the leaf begins Anatomy terms to learn on your own I Roots II III I Prop roots storage roots Stems I Rhizomes bulbs stolons tubers all modified stem products Leaves I Simple compound doubly compound II Tendrils spines bracts Tissues I II Fig 35 8 Three types of tissues I Dermal tissue outer skin layer II Ground tissue III Vascular tissue 3 Tissue Systems I II III Dermal tissue outer protective layer I Epidermis outer layer of cells II Cuticle waxy coating over epidermis prevents against water loss III Example root hair extended epidermal cell Vascular tissue long distance transport of materials between root and shoots pterophytes were the first to have this I Xylem conducts H2O and minerals up from roots to shoots II Phloem transports sugars to where needed III Stele pillar vascular tissue collectively organized in the middle i Special to eudicots Ground tissue neither dermal nor vascular I Pith internal to vascular tissue II Cortex external to vascular tissue Plant Development I II III Differentiation developmental changes in a cell s cytoplasm organelles and or cell wall during development Review figures 6 9 and 6 28 about plant cell structure Learn the examples of differentiated plant cells in Fig 35 10 Meristems I II III Meristem divided tissue that is perpetually embryonic animals ex stem cells Apical meristem located at apical bud of shoots and roots there s also the axillary buds that the apical bud turns off when it grows I Allows primary growth in length taller and longer Lateral meristem allows secondary growth stem thickening in woody plants wider IV V I Vascular meristem add layers of secondary xylem and secondary phloem II Cork cambium replaces epidermis with tough periderm Fig 35 11 I Primary growth i Towards the center of the plant primary xylem ii Outside the xylem phloem II Secondary growth i Older than primary growth ii Has inner and outer layers iii Turquoise and orange knobs are primary and secondary xylem and phloem iv Get the cork cambium that creates new protective cells v Vascular cambium produces new vascular tissue vi Xylem in middle vii Vascular cambium out of them viii Phloem outside of them ix When vascular cambium baby comes in phloem grows III Apical meristem cigarette burning backwards Fig 35 12 Today s Topics I II III Primary growth length I Root anatomy and growth II Shoot anatomy and growth Secondary growth girth I Cambium and growth II Wood Fig 35 13 I Cytokinesis and mitosis at the bottom II Zone of elongation cells of the cell walls are loosened so they stretch out III Zone of differentiation where cells become specialized Root Growth I I II Root cap cluster of protective slimy cells that protect the apical meristem as the root pushes through the soil Roots grow through cell activity in 3 zones I Zone of division meristem area where mitosis and cytokinesis produce new cells II Zone of elongation cells lengthen III Zone of differentiation cells become a distinct cell type IV Remember to study the cell types in Fig 35 10