PSY 213 1st Edition Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture I Gene Linked Abnormalities II Behavior Genetics III Prenatal Development IV The Course of Prenatal Development Outline of Current Lecture I Prenatal Tests II Infertility and Reproductive Technology III Hazards to Prenatal Development IV Prenatal Care V Birth and the Postpartum Period VI Methods of Childbirth VII The Transition from Fetus to Newborn VIII Low Birth Weight and Preterm Infants Current Lecture I Prenatal Tests Ultrasound sonography Chorionic villus sampling Amniocentesis These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Maternal blood screening Fetal MRI Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis NIPD II Infertility and Reproductive Technology Infertility Inability to conceive a child after 12 months of regular intercourse without contraception In vitro fertilization IVF Eggs and sperm are combined in a laboratory dish Fertilized egg or eggs is transferred into the woman s uterus III Hazards to Prenatal Development General principles Teratogen any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive or behavioral development Prescription and nonprescription drugs Tabaco alcohol Psychoactive drugs Caffeine higher risk or miscarriage cardiovascular problems for child Alcohol Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders FASD A cluster of abnormalities and problems that appear in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy Nicotine low birth weight childhood death in first year of life Cocaine Methamphetamine Marijuana Heroin Incompatible blood types Environmental hazards Maternal diseases Other parental factors Maternal diet and nutrition Maternal age Emotional states and stress Paternal factors IV Prenatal Care Varies enormously from one woman to another Usually involves Defined schedule of visits for medical care which includes screening for i Manageable conditions ii Treatable diseases that can affect the baby or the mother Comprehensive educational social and nutritional services V Birth and the Postpartum Period The birth process Occurs in three processes First stage is the longest contractions 15 20 minutes apart and can last up to one minute Second birth stage baby born Third stage Afterbirth Childbirth setting and attendants Who helps a mother during birth varies across cultures Midwives Doulas A caregiver who provides continuous physical emotional and educational support for the mother before during and after childbirth Social support during child birth and delivery is very important It s proven that women have shorter labor and less pain VI Methods of Childbirth Medication Analgesia Used to relieve pain i Include tranquilizers barbiturates and narcotics such as Demerol Anesthesia Used in late first stage labor and during delivery to block sensation in an area of the body or to block consciousness Oxytocin Synthetic hormone used to stimulate contractions Natural childbirth Method in which no drugs are given to relieve pain or assist in the birth process Prepared childbirth Includes a special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stages of labor As well as more detailed education about anatomy and physiology Lamaze method Other nonmedicated techniques to reduce pain Cesarean delivery The baby is removed from the uterus through an incision made in the mother s abdomen VII The Transition from Fetus to Newborn Birth involves considerable stress for the baby If the delivery takes too long the baby can develop anoxia Apgar scale Widely used to assess the health of newborns at one and five minutes after birth Evaluates infants heart rate respiratory effort muscle tone body color and reflex irritability Ten point scale If a baby is ranked at a three of below the baby is not well baby is not breathing slow pulse Five the baby might need oxygen 7 to 10 baby is good VIII Low Birth Weight and Preterm Infants Conditions that pose threats to many newborns Low birth weight infants Consequences of low birth weight More health and developmental problems than normal birth weight infants Learning disability Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Breathing problems such as asthma Nurturing includes Kangaroo care Massage therapy