PSY 556 1st Edition Lecture 6Outline of Last Lecture I. Attribution and how it worksII. InferringIII. Covariation Analysisa. LimitationsIV. Discounting and AugmentingV. Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)a. 4 subcategoriesVI. Circumscribed AccuracyOutline of Current Lecture I. What is the self?II. Paradoxical self metaphorsIII. Multiple TheoriesIV. Generalized OtherV. Objective Self Awareness (OSA)Current LectureI. What is the self?a. What could we take away and you still be you?i. Nameii. Sickiii. Anti-depressants/mood changeiv. Attitudes & preferencesv. Deserted island with no one you knowb. What could we replace in your body and you still be you?i. Your kidneyii. Your teethiii. Your hair (chemotherapy)iv. One neuron (with a silicon chip)v. Five neuronsvi. Your entire brainII. Paradoxical Self Metaphorsa. Self as controller and controlledThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. “I dragged myself out of bed”b. Self as geographical locationi. “Are you out of your mind?”c. Self in conflict with itselfi. “Why do you torture yourself?”III. Plato (380 B.C.)a. Soul is the “ruler of the body, distinct from the body, and therefore can live on without the body”b. First example of dualismi. Democritus said mind and body were oneii. Plato says they are two separate things1. Ex… car and driverIV. Aristotle (350 B.C.)a. Self/soul is an emergent quality of the physical bodyi. Hydrogen and oxygen aren’t wet but H20 is ii. Violin’s sound is result of how its builtV. St. Augustine (354 A.D.)a. “Whether I am asleep or awake, it is I who is one of these and therefore I exist”b. Descartes (1641 A.D.) stole the glory for this same idea when he wrote “cogito ergo sum” (I think therefore I am) over 1000 years laterVI. St. Thomas Aquinas (1250)a. Tabula rasa= blank slatei. The soul enters the body through experienceii. Potential for social influence on the selfVII. Immanuel Kant (1781)a. True self exists but is unknowablei. “Noumena” e.g. diseaseb. The effects of the self are seen in the world and in our perceptionsi. “Phenomena”, e.g. symptomsc. Symptoms vs. diseasei. Only see symptoms, but assume disease is their caused. Know the self through its effectsi. Daryl Bem’s Self-Perception theoryii. Wilson introspection study (look at our list of reasons)iii. So self is real, but never known directly?VIII. Can a flashlight see itself?a. Not directlyb. Shine light into a mirror onto itselfc. Other people serve as mirrors for usd. May not be able to “find” oneself, but do we (can we) have any doubt that a core self exists in others?IX. William James (1890)a. “Me” – self as known. Thumbnail sketch of oneself. List of enduring attributes.b. “I” – self as knower, or active agent, which experiences, has preferences, emotionsi. The author of the ‘me’c. The “me” is what we extract from the “I” when the “I” reflects on its just pastactionsd. “I have as many selves as there are people who recognize me”e. The self is defined by the social world X. G.H. Mead (1934)a. Learn about self through reactions and feedback from others – see one’s social “objectness” through their eyesb. Reflected appraisals – the reflection of the self’s attributes as seen from the perspective of othersi. Flashlight/mirror problemc. Self-knowledge not gained from introspectiond. The Generalized Other (like Freud’s superego)e. Most basic self-awareness is social in nature (you’re never alone)XI. Generalized Othera. The Generalized Other is like your internal simulation of what your mother and others would say if they knew what you were thinking and feelingXII. Jenn Pfeifer at UOa. Adults activate the self network when generating ‘direct appraisals’ (What do I think of me?) and both networks when generating reflected appraisals (What does my best friend think of me?)b. Adolescents (12-13 year olds) activate both networks for reflected appraisals (like adults)c. Adolescents activate both networks for direct appraisals, too!d. In adolescents, direct appraisals look like the brain is thinking about what others thinkXIII. Jean-Paul Sartre, The Look (1943)a. I have an observable “object” nature, that I can’t knowb. I evaluate others as “objects”, so they must judge me based on this “object” nature of mine that I can’t knowc. We are seen by others in a way that we can never see ourselvesXIV. Baumeister (1986)a. Historical view of the selfb. What was predetermined 1000 years ago?i. Home, education, career, marriage, religionc. Evidencei. Diaries, autobiographies, novels, characterizations of people’s mental statesXV. What does the ‘other’ do?a. Tells us about the world and what’s in itb. Treats us as though we have a selfc. Tells us what kind of self we haved. Tells us what kind of self we ought to havee. Soothes our needs (regulate the self)i. Food, clothes, shelterii. Mom drags “me” out of bedXVI. How the other shapes our ‘self’a. We internalize their perspectiveb. We treat our selves like we have a selfc. We learn what we are liked. We learn what we ought to be likee. We learn to sooth our own needsi. i.e. regulating the selfii. “I” drag “me” out of bedXVII. Objective Self-Awareness (OSA), (Robert Wicklund, 1972)a. Can either focus on outside world or on selfb. Focus on self is as a social object for others i. Thus “object” or objective awarenessc. When objectively self-aware use “generalized other” to evaluate and guide behaviori. Generalized other doesn’t always guide behaviorii. Only when made objectively self-aware (reflective)d. Comparing self to these high standards and expectations is aversive (upwardssocial comparison)e. Optionsi. Change self-conceptii. Escape self-awareness (physically or psychologically)XVIII. OSA and social “object”nessa. Hypothesis: being made objectively self-aware should make you evaluate yourself from the outsideb. Evaluate your self more like you would evaluate a strangerXIX. Actor-Observe Effecta. From your normal view, you think own behavior is due to the situation but other’s behavior is due to personalityi. Blame other for awkwardness, but not selfb. From the other video view, think of own behavior as due to personalityi. Treat self like “an other”XX. OSA is aversivea. Hypothesis: OSA makes us feel badb. Being made objectively