PSY 556 1st Edition Lecture 14Outline of Last LectureI. Encountering PrejudiceII. Effects of PrejudiceIII. Coping with PrejudiceOutline of Current Lecture I. AggressionCurrent LectureAggressionI. What is aggression?a. Book: “Intentional behavior aimed at doing harm or causing pain to another person”b. Alternative: Injurious behavior + social labelII. Why is it bad?a. Unpredictableb. Uncontrollablec. Grave consequencesd. Aggression is an efficient form of evoking fear i. e.g. media over-reporting crime1. 6x more crime reporting compared to 20002. Crime down 20%III. Why do we do it?a. Biologicali. Evolutionary usefulnessii. Genetic heritability (Fairbanks monkeys)iii. Hormones and neurotransmitters1. Testosterone <-(+)-> aggression2. Serotonin <-(+)-> impulsivityb. Biological?i. Genetics and Hormones redux1. Confounded with early environment and social supportii. Inter- and intra-cultural differences1. Quakers in the US2. DugumDani vs. Tahitians in New GuineaThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.iii. Change over time1. Swiss used to supply all of people’s armies, now officially war-neutral2. Sweden hasn’t been in a war since defeat by Russia in the Great Northern War in the 18th centuryiv. Regional differencesIV. Why do we do it?a. Biological?b. Perhaps partly, but aggression is also strongly influence by situational, historical, and cultural factorsc. May be a culture x biology interactiond. Catharsisi. Instinct theoryii. Frustration – aggression hypothesis1. Frustration  aggression  catharsisiii. Humiliation/isolation1. Major factor in school shootings and terrorismiv. Frustration doesn’t always lead to aggression (depends on status)v. Aggression is not always preceded by frustration (instrumental aggression)e. Learnedi. Social Learning Theory: Aggression is…1. Learned (and reinforced)ii. Modelediii. Socially sanctionedf. Aggression is multiply determinedV. Moral disengagementa. The act of distancing the self from internal sanctions against immoral behaviorb. 8 steps to moral disengagementc. Reappraisal of behaviori. Moral justificationii. Advantageous comparisoniii. Euphemistic labelingd. Confusion of agency:i. Displacement of responsibilityii. Diffusion of responsibilitye. Effectsi. Minimizing consequencesii. Victim factors1. Dehumanization2. Attribution of blameVI. How do we stop it?a. Learningi. Show consequencesii. Reduce anonymity (can’t get away with it)b. Response optionsc. Modelingi. Prestigeii. Similarityiii. Transitional modeliv. Attention/awarenessd. Self-sanctioningi. People must internalize the messageii. This is tricky; people don’t like to sanction