PSY 556 1nd Edition Lecture 11Outline of Last Lecture I. Group InfluenceII. Social Facilitation vs. InhibitionIII. Social Loafing vs. CompensationIV. Social IdentityOutline of Current Lecture I. Group BehaviorII. Evolutionary PsychologyIII. Social Dominance TheoryCurrent LectureI. Group behaviora. Group behavior is related to stereotyping and discrimination through the MINIMAL GROUP PARADIGMII. Evolutionary Psychologya. Intersexual selection (M vs. F; F vs. M)i. Preferential choice of what is desirable in mates (e.g.. which resourcesare attractive)b. Intrasexual competition (M vs. M; F vs. F)i. Members of the same sex compete with each other for resources in order to attract mates c. Intersexual competitioni. Triver’s parental investment theory:1. Women invest heavily in each offspring2. Men invest very littleii. Sooo….1. Males should maximize mating opportunities2. Females should maximize mate valued. Evolutionary concernsi. Males will try to monopolize resources in order to:1. Make women more dependent on them2. Make themselves more attractive ii. It is in male’s interest to1. Control women’s sexual behavior2. Form coalitions against out-group males These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.e. What are the implications for groups?i. Societies are structured as group-based hierarchies (e.g. race, gender, age)ii. Groups at the top get a disproportionate amount of resources (e.g. access to mates)iii. Groups at the bottom get the shafIII. What kinds of groups?a. Social dominance theory (Sidanius) – 3 typesi. Age: adults rule children (fixed)ii. Gender: males are dominant (fixed)iii. Arbitrary-Set (flexible, situation-specific)1. Only when economic surplusiv. Arbitrary-set group conflict is associated with the greatest degree of brutality and conflict compared to other types of conflict v. Attempts to eradicate group-based hierarchies have, without exception, failedvi. Group-based hierarchies, both gender (patriarchy) and arbitrary-set types, and the associated violence, are a result of selection pressures of inter and intra-sexual competitionb. Maintaining Hierarchiesi. Individual discriminationii. Institutional discrimination1. Systematic terror (e.g. penal system)2. Selective justice (e.g. justice system)iii. Behavioral asymmetry1. Make argument that groups at bottom of hierarchy do things to maintain the hierarchy. (aka do things to keep themselves atthe bottom)2. Differences in behavior between low and high-status groups which serves to enhance hierarchy3. Types of behavioral asymmetrya. Ingroup bias (=ethnocentrism)b. Outgroup favoritism (=deference)c. Self-debilitationi. Maladaptive behaviorsii. Self-fulfilling propheciesd. Ideological asymmetryi. Belief in hierarchy-enhancing myths4. African-American children watch 2x as much TV as European-American kids5. African-American women 3x more likely to be abused6. Minority children in schoola. Inferior performance (cutting classes, daydreaming, less homework, less engaged)7. External attributions of performance8. Success and physical health of immigrants decreases with years in country 9. Minority health behaviorsa. More smoking, less exercise, poor diet10. Minorities and crimea. African-Americans committed nearly 50% of murders inUS, but only 12% of populationb. Mostly black-on-black murderc. High rate of imprisonmentc. Social Dominance Theoryi. Societies minimize group conflict by creating ideologies that promote the superiority of one group over others1. Legitimizing ideologies, or hierarchy-enhancing mythsii. Hierarchy-Enhancing Myths1. Ideologies that support group-based social hierarchies2. Examples: manifest destiny, karma, protestant work ethic, conservatism, just-world belief, social Darwinism, meritocracy, America as a Christian nation3. “America was founded on the revolutionary principle of….the primacy of the individual over the government.” (Tea Party Manifesto)iii. Hierarchy-Attenuating Myths1. Ideologies that delegitimize group-based social hierarchies2. Examples: Universal rights of man, feminism, humanitarian equalitya. “Access to health care is a right, not a privilege.” (Barack Obama)IV. Social Dominance Orientationa. Preference for inequality among social groups b. Measured with a self-report scale…c. “Some groups of people are simply inferior to other groups.”d. “If certain groups stayed in their place, we would have fewer problems.”e. “In getting what you want, it is sometimes necessary to use force against other groups.”f. Men are higher than women.g. Related to chosen professionh. Related to political and policy preferencesV. Evolutionary Concernsa. Males will try to monopolize resources in order to:i. Make women more dependent on themii. Make themselves more attractiveb. In male interest to:i. Control women’s sexual behaviorii. Form coalitions against out-group males VI. Subordinate male target hypothesisa. Men want resources, so…i. Intergroup aggression will be primarily dominant male  subordinatemaleb. Women are considered a resource, so…i. Less aggression toward subordinate womenc. Controlling for education, SES, age, etc. subordinate males are more likely to:i. Be stopped, questioned, searched by policeii. Be beaten while in custodyiii. Be found guilty of all offensesiv. Be sentenced to longer prison terms/deathd. None of this is true of subordinate femalesVII. Oppression of womena. Patriarchies and economic hierarchies might (in this way) be a result of reproductive pressuresb. These strategies are adaptive (for the dominant group)VIII. Summarya. Intrasexual competitioni. Subordinate male target hypothesisii. Dominant men control subordinate menb. Intersexual competitioni. Gender hierarchyii. Men control