PSY 556 1st Edition Lecture 4Outline of Last Lecture I. Controlled Processesa. Conscious social judgmentsb. Introspective thinkingc. Self-Controld. (Illusion of) free willII. ImplicationsOutline of Current Lecture I. MethodsII. OperationalizationIII. Correlationsa. 3 possible outcomesIV. Independent Variables/Dependent VariablesV. Moderation/MediationCurrent LectureI. We are pretty bad at predicting our own and other people’s happiness….II. Operationalization= Giving specific definitions to the things you will manipulate or measureIII. Study 1 = Correlationala. Correlation= A measure of the association between two variablesb. Measuring as opposed to manipulatingc. What kind of correlational study could we do to answer our question?i. Random subjectsIV. Three possible outcomesa. Positive Correlationb. No Correlationc. Negative CorrelationV. What do correlations tell us?a. Correlations reported as a number ranging from -1 to 1. Zero means no correlationb. Two pieces of informationi. Direction (positive/negative)ii. Magnitude (none/small/medium/large)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.iii. **Supposed we get strong positive correlation between money and happiness?1. Can we conclude that money makes you happy?a. NOiv. Correlation DOES NOT equal causationVI. Correlationa. Prosi. Can assess things in the real worldii. Easy to collect dataiii. Establish that a relationship exists1. When there is causation, there is always correlationb. Consi. Can’t say anything about causation1. Causation ALWAYS has correlation2. Correlation SOMETIMES causationc. Example: National Wealthi. Could it be the other way around?1. Happiness -> Money?VII. Study 2: Lab Experimenta. Experiment= Type of research in which the researcher randomly assigns people to two or more conditions, varies the treatment in each condition, and measures the outcomes.b. Allows for inference of causationi. How?1. Random assignment2. Random sampling3. Independent Variable (IV)4. Dependent Variable (DV)a. Remember these are operationalizations, and come with all of the potential pitfalls that we discussed.c. What is our experiment?i. How would you design a laboratory experiment to test the hypothesis that money makes you happy?ii. What’s the IV? What’s the DV?1. We could randomly decide who wins $10 and who gets $0 and then measure mood by asking friends/family 1 week later.VIII. Causationa. Can we talk about causation?b. What assumptions are we making if we talk about causation?i. We can conclude that X caused Y if we can assume that all the extraneousvariables have been controlled for.c. Does that mean the theory is right?IX. Generating Hypothesesa. Hypothesis  Evidence  Confirm/Deny hypothesisb. Theory= An integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed eventsX. Lab Experiment: Pros/Consa. Prosi. Can assess causationii. Can control for extraneous variablesb. Consi. Often not reflective of reality (external validity)ii. Hard to manipulate exactly what you want (internal validity)iii. Some things cannot be manipulated (quasi-experiments)iv. Hard to control for extraneous variablesXI. Studies with more than 1 IV (Independent Variable)a. The ubiquitous 2x2i. More than one variable can be manipulatedii. This allows testing multiple hypotheses at onceiii. In social psychology, we often talk about the 2x21. 2 IV’s with 2 levels eachXII. Moderation & Mediationa. Moderation=Are there “boundary conditions” on the effect? When does it hold?b. Mediation=How does the effect “work”? Why does it hold?i. Money  Fancy new things 