PSY 556 1st EditionExam # 2 Study GuideGroups:- Group influence: what is it and how do group processes affect us? o Social facilitation vs. social inhibition Social Facilitation= the tendency for people to do better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance can be evaluated. Presence of others > individual efforts are evaluated > 1. alertness 2. evaluation apprehension 3. distraction> arousal > enhanced performance (easy task) OR impaired performance (hard task)  Presence of others is helpful when task is:- Easy or well learned (dominant) Presence of other is hurtful when task is:- Complex or poorly learned (non-dominant) Why?- Lead to alertness/arousal when others are around we prepare for a response - Distraction: can hurt or help its hard to pay attention to two things - Evaluation apprehension: presence of others only leads to arousal if they can evaluate uso Social loafing vs. social compensation Social loafing: the tendency for people to relax when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance cannot be evaluated, such that they do worse on simple tasks but better on complex tasks Presence of others> individual efforts can not be evaluated> there’s no evaluation apprehension>were relaxed> impaired performance on simple tasks OR enhanced performance on hard tasks Why?- Because when we blend in a group were less noticeable, less willing to try hard- Except when people care more about the personal relationships with others, interdependency  Social compensation: individuals work harder/ expand more effort in a group setting (to compensate for other group members) compared to whenworking alone- Deindividuation: when does it happen, and how do you stop it?o Getting lost in a crowd leads to an unleashing of behaviors o Why?  Because we’re less accounted for, reduced likelihood that anyone will be singled outo This can be a positive or a negative obedience to group norms o It is common online Cyberspace makes anonymous communication  KKK example: hide behind masks o Being identified stops it! - Groupthink: antecedents, symptoms, and consequenceso The kind of thinking which maintaining group cohesiveness is more important than considering the facts in a realistic manner. Don’t want to think of ourselves as going along with the crowd… but often do it anyways because we want people to like us.- Ex> Tunnel Creek Avalanche:- Link to check it out.o Awe struck by each other that they ignored obvious signs that avalanche was coming.o Because they were together, no one spoke up even though they recognized that an avalanche was coming .o If there were only a few people (not 12) then someone may have noticed and said something.o Antecedents (the preconditions)  High cohesiveness- Valued by and attractive to members, people want to be members Isolation from alternative viewpoints Strong leadership- leader controls the discussion and makes his/her view known early in the discussion High stress situation, perceived threats to group  Poor decision making procedures; no standard methods to consider all views o Symptoms Feelings of invulnerability creates optimism and increases risk-taking (feelinvincible) Discounting of warnings and challenges to assumptions (belief in moral correctness) Ignoring consequences of actions Stereotyped views of enemy leaders (or anyone in outgroup)  Pressure to conform Derogating contrary ideas Illusion of unanimity (e.g. not calling on anyone who would have an alternative view) Mindguards: members who see their role as shielding group from outsideideas (to protect and shield the leader)o Consequences Incomplete survey of alternatives Failures to examine risks of chosen path poor information search  Failure to develop contingency plano Prevention Avoid isolation by consulting Reduce conformity pressure- Leader should not take stand- Encourage alternative views Establish a norm of criticism- Assign a devil's advocate- Group Polarizationo The tendency for a group to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclinations of its members. (some groups may be riskier than individual choice)o Two main reasonsEach member presents ideas not previously considered, leading to either risky or conservative support of the initial view (persuasive agreements interpretation) When checking how a group feels after an issue is discussed, whether theyhave risky or conservative views, if their views were similar then they feelliked (social comparison interpretation)- Negotiation: tips, tricks, and common pitfallso negotiation: a form of communication between opposing sides in a conflict. In which offers and counteroffers are made and a solution occurs only when both parties agree.o pitfalls: people assume that one side will win & not favorable to both sides. o tips: gain the other sides trust, communicate, try taking their perspective, a neutralmediator will help if one has more at stake in the negotiation.- Cooperation vs. competition in the prisoner’s dilemma (b)o The Prisoners Dilemma: Two people have to choose 1 of the 2 available options, neither know what the other person will choose, a persons pay off depends on the options they both choose.  If both choose option X you both win $3(BUT risky if other chooses Y, you lose 6 & they win 6) If you choose Y and other chooses X then you win $6 & they lose $6 If you choose Y and they choose Y then you both lose $1  most people choose Y, at worst you’ll lose $1 and best you gain $6(safest choice and both will probably think this way)o PD competition: finding a solution that is desirable to both parties, people must trust each other, but often this doesn’t happen so this leads to more rates of competitive moves and no one wins or they go with the safest choice o Increasing cooperation in PD: (ensuring that both sides will end up with a positiveoutcome) more likely with someone they know/care about, changing the norm about the expected behavior has large effects e.g. “The Community Game” vs “Prisoners Dilemma”, priming has shown to help e.g the chinese dragon made Hong Kong students more cooperative and the American flag made them more competitive (page 260)o the tit-for-tat strategy: a way of encouraging cooperation by at first acting cooperatively but then always responding to the way your