PSY 556 1st Edition Lecture 2Outline of Last Lecture I. Social Psychologya. Definition of Social PsychologyII. 5 Main hypotheses for the terma. And their corollariesOutline of Current Lecture II. Social CognitionIII. 2 kinds of consciousnessa. Stream of consciousness (reflexive)b. Reflective ConsciousnessIV. Automatic Processesa. Errorsb. ExamplesV. Situations and PrimingVI. Consequences of AutomaticityCurrent LectureI. 2 Kinds of Consciousnessa. Stream of Consciousness (reflexive) (ALL ANIMALS HAVE THIS KIND)i. Consciousness as experienceii. “Perception”iii. Automaticiv. Seems like realityv. **When you see red, part of your consciousness IS redvi. **When you are happy that’s what you ARE. In both cases, you don’t need to think about itvii. **Like the film projected on the movie screen. It just keeps going and isn’t awareof itselfb. Reflective consciousness (ONLY HUMANS HAVE THIS KIND)i. Consciousness of somethingii. “Thought”iii. Controllediv. Has the quality of aboutnessv. **Is like the movie critics who think aboutthe movie and replay small segments over and over in order to analyze, evaluate, and consider alternativesII. Outputs of reflexive processes feel like they happen to us. Outputs of reflective processes feel like something we do.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.III. Reflective conscious thoughts are the only thing in the entire universe that is intrinsically about anything.IV. Reflective thoughts are about something other than themselves.a. So are hamsters conscious? Can they think?V. Automatic Processesa. Don’t require intentionb. Don’t require awarenessc. Don’t interfere with othersd. Don’t require efforte. Tend to be perceptual/intuitivei. Hard to capture in wordsii. Describe the experience of ‘red’f. **Why do we have this?i. A.N. Whitehead, 19111. “It is a profoundly erroneous truism, repeated by all copybooks and by eminent people making speeches, that we should cultivate the habit of thinking of what we are doing. The precise opposite is the case. Civilization advances by extending the number of operations which we can perform without thinking about them. Operations of thought are like cavalry charges in a battle—they are strictly limited in number, they require fresh horses, and must only be made at decisive moments.”VI. Adaptive Automatic Errorsa. In the (A B C) (12 13 14) example it is really useful to automatically use the context (letters or numbers) to make sense of the ambiguous informationb. These automatic interpretations weed out information that is superfluous or could get us into troubleVII. How Automaticity “gets in”a. Situationsi. The immediate physical and social environment1. Who and what are around youii. The implied environment1. What you believe others are thinking and how they might respond to youiii. Your own thoughts and habits also act as a context affecting ongoing experienceiv. **EXAMPLEVIII. Judging the presidenta. Hearing the audience reaction affects our automatic judgment of the performanceb. No one thinks this has happenedc. No one would want this to happeni. How much I like and agree with someone should have nothing to do with how much others do ii. Manipulation Hint: Put plants in the audience1. I.e…getting people in a line to sign up for an experimentIX. Situation: Key Pointa. Situation is so powerful and automatically contagious that we don’t realize this is happeningb. Primingi. Situations act as primesii. Prime: A cue that makes a certain concept/idea/behavior more mentally accessible1. Outside of reflective awareness2. Operates automaticallyiii. Subliminal primes influence Impressions (Bargh&Pietromonaco, 1982)1. Phase 1: Vigilance taska. Press a key as soon as you see a flashb. Flashes masked subliminally presented wordsc. 20% or 80% of the words were hostility primesd. ‘hostile’, ‘rude’, ‘whip’, ‘punch’2. Phase 2: Read behavioral descriptiona. 12 sentence paragraphb. Included sentences that were ambiguous with respect to hostilityc. “A salesman knocked at the door, but Donald refused to let him enter”d. “He also told me that he was refusing to pay his rent until the landlord repaints the apartment”3. Phase 3: Evaluate Donalda. Various trait descriptorsb. Some hostility relatedc. Some unrelated to hostility4. Interpreting the Resultsa. % of hostility primes affect judgments of Donald, who has engaged in ambiguously hostile behaviorsb. Primes shape our construalsc. Primes only affect construals when the primes are directly applicable or relevant to the behaviorsiv. Automatic Behavior (Bargh, Chen, & Burrows, 1996)1. Study 1: Priming Politeness/Rudenessa. Sentence unscramblingb. Polite condition: polite, respect, behaved, etcc. Rude condition: rude, intrude, infringe, etcd. Told to do 5 min task and then find experimenter down the halle. Arrive to find experimenter in conversation with another subject2. How many subjects interrupt the conversation within 10 minutes?3. Study 2: Priming ‘Elderly’a. Sentence unscramblingb. Elderly condition: old, retired, wrinkle, etc.c. Thanked for participation and leaved. Record time from lab to elevator4. How long do subjects take to walk to the elevator if they are primed with ‘elderly’ or not?c. Consequences of automaticityi. Naïve Realismii. Subjective Construal1. “Construe” means to interpret2. Subjective construal refers to the way each of us asan individual interprets what we see around us inthe world3. Subjective construal is often automatic using situational input and the habits of our minds to makesense of what we “see”a. But we never “see” first. It’s constructive all the way downb. Remember - we don’t see snakes and decide they aredangerous.We see dangerous