PSY 556 1st Edition Lecture 18Outline of Last LectureI. HelpingII. AltruismIII. Prosocial BehaviorOutline of Current Lecture I. Close RelationshipsCurrent LectureI. What is a close relationship?a. Affecti. feelings of caring and affectionb. Behaviori. Interdependent: need and influence each otherii. Lives overlap, have a mutual existenceiii. Relationship is indefinite: commitmentc. Cognitivei. Expectation of other’s good intentions: trustii. Shared knowledge. Extensive and personalII. Why care about close relationships?a. Close relationships research – just a fad?i. Important across age groupsii. Important across culturesiii. Have been important across timeIII. Relationships and Well-Beinga. In a 1971 survey of >2000 Americans, the best predictor of overall life satisfaction….i. Marriage and family lifeb. The single consistent predictor of well-being in 42 countries studied…i. Quality of close relationshipsc. Happiest people (top 10%), the one thing they all had in common…i. Good relationships (romantic and other)ii. Necessary (but not sufficient) condition for happinessIV. Relationships and Health: The Common Colda. 159 men and 175 womenThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. sociability measured 2-4 weeks before study; number of people and time socially interactingc. quarantine day 0: exposure to virusd. quarantine days 1-5: symptoms measuredi. objective – yuck!ii. Subjective – using Jackson scalee. How does this work?i. Sociability significantly reduced risk of the common cold (by both objective and subjective criteria)1. Health practices? no2. Pre-existing antibody? No3. Sleep, diet? No4. Stress-induced physiological activity? NoV. The need to belong: A fundamental need?a. Does the need for close relationships…i. Produce strong effects under all but the most adverse conditions?ii. Have emotional consequences?iii. Direct cognitive processing?iv. Lead to ill effects if not met?v. Exist universally?VI. The cultural contexta. Ratios of men to womenb. Religionc. Ethnicity and raced. Socioeconomic statuse. Societal normsVII. Basic biologya. Evolutionary influencesi. Natural selection for adaptive mechanismsii. Men and women faced different reproductive challengesVIII. Human naturea. Evolutionary influencesi. Natural selection for adaptive mechanismii. Men and women faced different reproductive challengesiii. Culture change occurs faster than evolutionIX. Individual differences and prior experiencea. Gender and sex differencesb. Personality differencesc. Other dispositional differencesd. Relationship historiesX. Triangular theory of lovea. Three components of love:i. Intimacy: feelings of warmth and closeness (emotional component)ii. Passion: physical arousal and desire (motivational component)iii. Commitment: decision to stay in relationship and work to maintain it (cognitive/behavioral component)XI. Arousal and Passionate lovea. “State of intense longing for union with another”b. two factors of lovei. physiological arousalii. the belief that the other person caused arousalc. based on two-factor theory of emotions i. arousal x label=emotionXII. Love over timea. Romantic love declines over time i. Fantasy, novel, and arousal declineb. Companionate love more stable over timec. Evidence that strong and steady companionate love in the first two years of marriage is negatively correlated with divorceXIII. (Un)conscious cognition and passiona. conscious attitudesi. predicted initial satisfactionii. did NOT predict change b. unconscious attitudesi. did NOT predict initial satisfactionii. predicted change in satisfactionRevisiting the Five Hypotheses1. situations are powerful (because invisible)a. self-fulfilling prophecies, conformity, helping, attribution2. we don’t know other minds and our minds very wella. fundamental attribution error, implicit stereotyping, cognitive dissonance reduction, self-serving biases3. we don’t know what we don’t knowa. introspection, attitudes, decision making4. given all that. We do pretty wella. circumscribed accuracy. Controlled processing, nonverbal decoding5. we have a need to belong (to be liked) and a need to be authentic (and known)a. conformity, social rejection, self-enhancement, health/relationshipsb. self-verification, cognitive dissonance,