PSY 556 1nd Edition Lecture 13Outline of Last Lecture I. PrejudiceII. StereotypingOutline of Current Lecture I. Encountering prejudiceII. Effects of prejudiceIII. Coping with prejudiceCurrent LecturePrejudice: The Target’s PerspectiveI. Encountering Prejudicea. Prevalence of prejudice: African-Americansi. Sample of 73 African-American college studentsii. 11% reported that they never heard a disparaging remark on campusiii. 89% reported hearing remarks occasionally to frequentlyiv. 59% personally experienced verbal insultv. 39% experienced threat or violencevi. Types of discrimination=being falsely accused, being called names, harmed or teasedvii. Majority reported experiencing these things at least once in their lifetimeviii. 1/3 reported experiencing one of these things in the past yearix. 2-week daily diary studyx. 1.24 incidents that were probably or definitely prejudicedxi. 35% reported no incidents of prejudicexii. 55% reported 1-2 incidentsxiii. 10% reported 3-7 incidentsxiv. Also reported an average of .65 incidents that were ambiguous w/ regards to prejudiceb. Types of eventsi. African-Americans1. Being stared at, glared at, or watched2. Verbal expressions of prejudice (e.g. racial slurs)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.3. Bad service at stores/restaurantsii. Women1. Comments tied to gender roles and stereotypes2. Objectifying comments3. Unwanted behaviors (e.g. touching)II. Perceived person v. group discriminationa. The effect: people perceive that there is more discrimination directed at theirgroup than at themselves as individualsb. E.g. Any one black person might not feel discriminated against, but report that there is discrimination against black people in generalIII. Effects of prejudicea. Mental healthi. Mental health consequences: Review of discrimination lit.1. Review of literature linking discrimination and mental health2. 20 out of the 25 studies found a strong positive correlation between discrimination and subsequent health3. 0 found a negative correlation4. Of the studies assessing major depression, generalized anxiety and anger, all but one found a positive association with discriminationii. A sample of findings…1. Landrine, Klonoff, Gibbs & Manning, 1995a. In a sample of women, depressive and obsessive symptoms were more associated with sexist discrimination than with generic daily hassles2. Meyer, 1995a. In a sample of gay men, gay-related stress (discrimination, internalized homophobia, perceived stigma) was linked with demoralization, suicidal ideation and guilt3. Landrine and Klonoff, 1996a. In a sample of African Americans, experiences of racism were strongly associated with stress related symptoms and smokingb. Stereotype threati. Stereotype threat can lead to anxiety, performance decrements, and disidentification with domains where the stereotype is relevantii. Stereotype threat (Steele & Aronson, 1995)1. Applies to people with self-identity in a domain (e.g. math, sports)2. …where others have a stereotype about your group in that domain (e.g. women, African-Americans)3. Threat of being reduced to a stereotypeiii. Stereotype Threat: African Americans and Intellectual Performance1. African American and Caucasian participants2. Take verbal portion of the GRE3. Told test is either diagnostic of intelligence or not4. Diagnostic condition = stereotypic becomes salientiv. Stereotype threat: Mechanisms1. When taking a “diagnostic” test, members of stereotyped groups…a. Have higher stereotype cognitive activationb. Have higher self-doubtc. Identify less with the stereotyped groupv. Potential Long-term Effects of Stereotype Threat1. Women see commercials with either stereotypic portrayals of women or with images that were neutral with respect to gender2. Indicate interest in a variety of educational and vocational options.c. Coping with Prejudicei. Not necessarily the experience of prejudice that is damaging BUT RATHER how one copes with itii. For example:1. Anger is often associated with experiences of prejudice2. Anger linked with high levels of cardiovascular reactivityiii. The story is complex…1. Bad to react emotionally?a. A-A males who felt anger (and suppressed it) had higher cardiovascular profiles2. Bad not to react emotionally?a. A-A women who accepted discrimination were 4x morelikely to report hypertension than those who took actionb. A-A women who did not report sexism or racism were 2.6x more likely to have high blood pressure than thosewho did report such experiencesd. Coping with stereotype threati. Identity is at the core of stereotype threat effectsii. You must identify with stereotyped domainiii. BUT…identity is malleableIV. Individual strategiesa. Individuationi. Answer questions about: favorite food, favorite book, favorite movie, special interest or hobbies (AKA the facebook manipulation)b. Self-affirmationi. Self-integrity threat  motivation to protect integrity/self-worth activities to bolster sense of self worth (then links back to self-integrity threat), & (reduces implications of threatening information to