Study Guide Psychology 110-011 Exam #4 Professor: Crystal McIndoo 1. What are the Big Five personality traits and how was it designed? Which are the two biggest of the big five traits? How does our personality change as we age? Designed by eliminating words that are synonyms and narrowing down them down; It was designed by factor analysis (clustering similar traits together).1. Neuroticism- anxiety, stress easily2. Extraversion- enjoying company of others, more open3. Agreeableness- compassionate towards others4. Conscientiousness- Self disciplined, dutiful5. Openness to new experiences- tendency to enjoy change or intellectual experiencesOur personality gets consistent as we age2. How was the MMPI developed and how is it administered? How is deception detected in the MMPI? What is the MMPI used for? Developed empirically (based on evidence) rather than theoretically. Used to measure clinical conditions such as depression. MMPI includes items designed to detect lying likea statement whose answer can be too good to be true. 3. Why should psychologists be cautious about interpreting MMPI results for ethnic minorities? Different cultures have different lifestyles. Different way of thinking. 4. Know the different defense mechanisms that Paul Tullis went over in his lecture. The different defense mechanisms are:Repression: ignore itDenial: not true, not accept itProjection: make it belong to someone elseDisplacement: find a safer objectSublimation: express it in a socially acceptable wayReaction formation: turn into its opposite 5. Who were the theorist Paul Tullis covered in his lecture and how they related to Freud andhis theory? Carl Jung and Eric Erikson6. What do projective tests like the Rorschach and TAT allow the person to do? It helps the person by encouraging them to state their problems and projecting their personality characteristics onto ambiguous stimuli.7. What the five types of anxiety disorders? Be able to apply the information. 1. Phobias- fear of specific objects or places2. Panic Disorder-attacks of extreme anxiety3. Stress Disorder- anxiety due to life experiences or nightmares4. Generalizes Anxiety Disorder-feelings of sympathetic arousal of at least 6 mths duration5. Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder- OCD obsessed with something and compelled to repeat it.8. What are three types of dissociative disorders? Be able to apply the information. 1. Dissociative amnesia-temporary memory loss2. Dissociative fugue-experiences amnesia and travels to another place unknowingly 3. Dissociative Identity Disorder- two or more identities occupy the same person9. What are some examples of somatoform disorders? It is when the body expresses stress. Paralyzing, night blindness, unexplainable aches.Hypochondrias - unexplainable pain complaintsConversion- WWII night time blindness10. What are the differences between feeling depressed and major depressive disorder? Major Depressive disorder is for a long time. 5 major disorder symptoms and more than 2weeks11.What are the differences between Bipolar I Disorder and Bipolar II Disorder? (Lecture only) Bipolar I had manic episodesBipolar I- Manic, depressed, causes impairementBipolar II no manic episodes- Hypomanic12. Know in general what schizophrenia is and the problems schizophrenics have? What do twin studies suggest about the disorder? Schizophrenia is when people behave anxiously, have hallucinationsIt is genetic and runs in the family13. What are the similarities and differences between the personality disorders?Personality Disorders are:Paranoid:SchizotypalSchizoid:Borderline:Antisocial:14. What are the four essentials of psychotherapy? Systematic interactionsPsychological principlesThoughts, feelings, and behaviorPsychological disorder, personal growth, adjustment problems15. How has treatment of psychological problems changed through history? (hint: What werethe roles of Monasteries and Asylums?) Monasteries-> Asylums -> Mental Hospitals -> Community health movement16. Know about psychodynamic therapy and the basic assumptions, aims, and components? Who is the founder? Pg.456 Sigmund Freud Psychodynamic Therapy- Internal unconscious conflictsCatharsis- expression of repressed feelings and impulses. Things from past and then let them spill out. Transference, Dream analysis17. What do humanistic therapies focus on? Who is the founder? Pg. 460-461 Carl Rogers. All as human beings free to make choices and we control our own destinies despite the past. Unconditional positive regard. Empathic understanding, genuineness and non-directive. Present time. 18. Know about behavioral therapy. How does systematic desensitization work? Pg.464 Treating phobias and make the client make a hierarchy of their fears. How does aversive conditioning work? Pairing their activities with a negative stimuli Pg.465 19. What does cognitive therapy focus on and aim to change? Pg.468- 470 Beliefs, attitude, automatic thoughts, we use very active and directive therapy that challenge irrational thoughts and beliefs.20. What are six advantages of group therapy? Pg. 47121. Review information on biological treatments. How are anti-anxiety and antidepressant drugs believed to work? Pg.479-480 Benzodyapines- valium, zenex… Panic attacks, sleeping, and anxiety. Depressing the activity of CNS which in turn decreases sympathetic activity. Antipsychotic drugs- major tranquilizers, schizophrenia- block dopamine receptors in the brain. Antidepressants- depression, OCD, eating disorders. Work by increasing the levels or serotonin and noradrenalin- ex- MAO, SSRI , benzodiazepines 22. What is the relationship between the perception of physical attractiveness andcompetence? Pg- 495-496 More confident if you are more attractive. 23. What is a social schemas and why do people depend on social schemas? Pg. 496 stereotypes… people depend on them to save time and energy 24. What are the three crucial dimensions of attitudes? Pg. 5131. Strength2. Ambivalence3. Accessibility 25. How might classical and operant conditioning work in attitude formation and change? Pg.518 comparing an unconditioned stimulus and then making a conditioned stimulus.26. What is cognitive dissonance thought to create? Pg. 519-520 Inconsistencies among attitudes.27. Know about Asch’s experiment. What is the relationship between group size and conformity? Pg.522 group size gets larger, conformity increases.28. Who were the subjects, what were the procedures, and the results