Study Guide Psychology 110-011 Exam #1 Professor: Crystal McIndoo 1. Know about the three stages of prenatal development: germinal period, embryonic period, and fetal period. Hint: focus on what happens in the stages. Pg-72. What are teratogens and how is morning sickness related? Pg-9 3. What does the plasticity (brain matures, environmental experiences) principle mean for neuronal development? Pg-10 happens during prenatal dev.4. What happens during adolescence? Hint: Two physical changes. Know the hormones involved. Pg.11-12 a. Growth Spurt and Puberty : Androgens (boys), and Estrogen(Endocrine System)5. According to Piaget (4 stages of dev) what is assimilation and what is accommodation? How are they used and why? a. Assimilate: process through which we fit new experiences into existing schemab. Accommodation: process through which we change or modify the schema6. What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development and the major characteristics, accomplishments, and limitations of each stage? Pg.21-26a. Sensorimotor-object permanenceb. Pre-operationali. Conservation-sensarationc. Concrete Optionald. Formal Operational- abstract logic7. Know Harlow’s studies on rhesus monkeys and the main findings from the experiments that he conducted. Pg.31 Contact comfort over nutrition8. How do securely and insecurely attached infants react to the strange situation test? Pg.33a. Secure attachment- b. Insecure attachment- (ambivalent attachment)9. How does social learning explain gender role development? Pg.40 Gender appropriate10. What are the four goals of psychology? Pg.51 strength(direction) and size?(close # to1)a. Describeb. Predictc. Explaind. Control11. What is a correlation coefficient? Understand how it relates to the strength and direction of the relationship. What is a positive and negative correlation? Pg-57-58a. Positive-same direction 12. What is reactivity? Hint: It has to do with naturalistic observation or field study. Pg.5613. Know what a predictive versus causal hypothesis is.pg.5414. What are the five steps and examples of the scientific method? What do psychologistsuse to interpret the results or analyze the data? Pg.53 Statisticsa. Define and describeb. Forming a hypothesisc. Choose an appropriate research strategyd. Conduct the studye. Analyze the data15. Know what independent (experimental manipulates), dependent (measures the result of manipulating independent variable), and confounding variables (any other variable effecting the dependent variable) are and be able to identify them in an example study? Pg.59-6016. What is the difference between a population of interest and a sample? Pg.61 Population would include every person you are interested in studying and sample is when you a select a portion, subset of the population of interest.17. What is randomization (when all peeps have an equal chance at being selected to participate in a study) and what is random assignment? Why are they used? What is a representative sample? Pg.6118. Understand the different research methods. Know the disadvantages of conducting a case study, survey method, correlational study, experiment, and field study. Pg.63 know the disadvantages and advantages.19. What are the ethical guidelines for participants? Who is the IRB and what is their role? What about the American Psychological Association (APA) and what is their role? Pg.6320. What are the fundamental principles of ethical practice? Hints: Informed consent, confidentiality, and debriefing. Pg.63-64 21. What is deception, when is it used, and when it is not allowed? Pg.6422. Know the difference between iconic memory and echoic memory. Pg.7423. What is short-term memory versus long-term memory? How do short-term and long-term memory work? What kind of information does each store? Pg.7524. What are the stages of memory? Hint: there are three. Pg.7625. What are some short-term memory aids? Hint: What is chunking? Pg.77-7826. Understand what procedural memory is and what declarative memory is.Pg.83 27. Know the differences between semantic memories and episodic memories.pg.83 28. Know the concepts of recall, recognition, and relearning-best. How are they used to measure memory? Pg.85-8629. Know what explicit-past exp brought to mind and implicit-lie outside of awareness memories are. Pg.87 30. Who is Ebbinghaus and what did his studies find? What is the curve of forgetting? Pg.91 31. What is retroactive and proactive interference? How do these concepts relate to forgetting? Pg.94-9532. Understand the different theories about why we forget? Hints: Memory decay, disuse, cue-dependent forgetting, and interference. Pg. 93-9433. What is the difference between repression and suppression? pg. 96-98 34. Where are long-term memories stored? Hint: The brain area. Pg. 10050 multiple choice