CHAPTER 13: Therapy LECTURE NOTESCh. 13 Therapy- What is Therapy?o A systematic interaction between a therapist and a client that applies psychological principles to affect the client’s _thought, _feelings, or __behaviors__, in order to develop themselves to adjustment problemso Systematic Interaction How the client and therapist interact and relateo Psychological Principles Therapy is based on theory and research_o Targets of therapy _Thoughts________________________ _Feelings________________________ __Behaviors_______________________o Reasons for therapy _Psychological Disorder- Historyo Demonological thinking Asylums Originated in European monasteries- First institutions meant for the mentally unstable- Function was to warehouse not to treat_o “Bedlam”: Turmoil or confusion________- Reformso History Mental Hospitals Replaced Asylums - Over _1 million_ residents by the mid-50’s- Treatment___ as the primary focuso Community Mental Health Movement Focus is to  Still some concerns- Traditional Psychoanalysiso Psychoanalysiso Typical “couch” therapyo Assumes problems reflect: Early childhood experiences, internal conflict Allows the client to self-explore with little to no intervention fromthe therapist Can last months or years_ Designed to provide insight into the conflicts that are presumed to lie at the root of a person’s problems- Psychoanalysis Componentso Catharsis _expression of repressed feelings and impulseso Free Association Uncensored uttering of all thoughtso Resistance Tendency to block the free expression of impulseso Transference_Responding to one person in a way that is similar to the way one responded to another person in childhood____________o Dream analysis Content of dreams determined by unconscious processesand daily eventso Freud Royal road to Unconsciouso Manifest Content Reported content of dream_o Latent Content Symbolized or underlying content of the dream- Defense Mechanisms - Denial o refusal to accept reality and to act as if a painful_ event, thought or feelingdid not exist- Displacement o redirecting of feelings/impulses from an_anxiety________ provoking object to a safer, more acceptable one- Fantasy o channeling of ______________ or __________________ desires into imagination- Intellectualization o use of a _cognitive approach with suppression of emotions_- Projectiono attribution of one's undesired__ impulses onto another- Rationalization o cognitive _reframing_ of one’s perceptions in the face of changing realities- Reaction Formation o converting of dangerous impulses that are perceived to be dangerous into their opposites- Regression o reversion to an _earlier__ stage of _development_ in the face of unacceptable impulses- Modern Psychoanalysis = Psychodynamico Sit face to face_o Briefero Less intenseo More available to those who do not have a lot of time or moneyo Therapist is more directiveo more focus on the ego than the id_- Client-Centered Therapyo Carl Rogerso We are free to make choices and control our destinies despite the pasto Disorders arise when there are roadblocks on our path to self-actualizationo Provides insight into the parts that we have disowned  Unconditional Positive Regard Empathic Understanding Genuineness- open and honest Non-directive- Not tell the client what to do; support them and reach their own decisions- Humanistic Therapyo Focus on _subjective, conscious experience “Here and Now” Does not entirely ignore a client’s past, but emphasizes _the currentstate of functioning- Gestalt Therapyo Fritz Perls o Disowns parts of self that might be disapprovedo People also wear “social masks” to hide who they truly areo Aims to help people integrate conflicting parts of their personalityo It is “Gestalt” because it focuses on giving the conflicting parts of the personality an integrated form or shape Focuses on “here and now”o Free to make choices and direct their personal growtho Not gentle and acceptingo Highly directive- Behavior Therapyo Focuses on what people Doo Applies principles of learning to promote behavior changeo Heavy focus on conditioning and observational learning Hypothesis testing approach- Fear Reduction Methodso Systematic Desensitization Reduces fears by associating a hierarchy of images of fear evoking stimuli with deep muscle relaxation- Gradual process where clients learn to handle increasingly anxiety provoking stimulio Based on the assumption that phobias are learned, unconditioned, and reduced through extinction- Modelingo Observe and imitate people who approach situations that the client fears- Aversive Conditioningo A technique in which undesired responses are inhibited by pairing an offensive stimuli with them Rapid Smoking- Designed to help people quit smokingo An overexposure to smoke designed to lead people to avoid cigarettes - Operant Conditioningo Token Economies People are reinforced for _ desired behaviors with token that can be exchanges for privileges- Successive Approximationso Much like shapingo Increase a behavior with gradual steps- Social Skills Trainingo Decrease social anxiety through Self monitoring Coaching Modelling Role-Playing Behavioral Rehearsal Feedbacko Effective in groups- Self-Control Methods- Functional Analysis of Behavioro A systematic study of behavior_- Cognitive Therapieso Assumes that people engage in cognitive distortions Focuses on changing problems occur because of beliefs, attitudes, and automatic thoughts Selective Perceptions- See world as dangerous and ignore evidence to the contrary Overgeneralization: Magnification: blow out of proportion the importance of negative events Absolutist Thinking: world is always black and white- Rational Emotive Behavior Therapyo Beliefs about events shape our responses to them Most of us harbor irrational beliefs that can lead to problems Active, directive therapy designed to challenge these beliefs- Group Therapieso Economicalo Provides more examples of life-experiences and information for the patientso Peer approvalo Affiliation to people who have the same problemso Hope o Social skills trainingo Not for everyone Some people don’t want to disclose to a group- Encounter groups- A group that aims to foster self awarenesso How group members relate to each othero Encourages open expression of feeling- Couples therapyo Helps enhance communication