Chapter 2: Outline Research MethodsGoals - Describe Behavior- __________Behavior- _________ Behavior- Control and _________ BehaviorScientific AttitudeSkepticism, ________, and humilityCritical thinking- does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions - examines assumptions- ____________________- evaluates evidence - assesses conclusionsWhat makes it science? What makes scientific knowledge different than anecdotal knowledge or popular beliefs?Science is… 1. Systematic exploration of a problem2. Results published in journals- replication3. Builds upon past researchHow do researchers generate scientific knowledge? Scientific Method Hypotheses Predictive Hypothesis: _______________________________________________ -Used for description and prediction -Cannot make cause and effect conclusionsCausal Hypothesis: ___________________________________Have to be able to manipulate the variablesResearch MethodsSurvey Methods Conducting surveysQuestionnaires- written formInterviews- orally- Not as rich as case studies- ________________________- Self-report not as reliable as observing actual behaviorNaturalistic Observation - Also known as a “field study”Case Studies • Scientific explorations of a single individual• Highly detailed• Used to explore rare conditions• Lack generalizability• Must be aggregated to make generalizations to the populationCorrelational Studies Test the relationship, or correlation, between two or more variablesExperimentOnly type of study that can determine cause!Investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variable) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (dependent variable) Two Important Features1. Variables are controlled and manipulated2. Participants are randomly assignedThe point is to manipulate one variable and see the effects on anotherIndependent variable: Dependent variable: Confounding variables: Ideal Experiment- Randomization or Random sampling - Population of Interest- Sample- Random Assignment- Quasi ExperimentExample ExperimentImagine we wanted to study the effects of caffeine on learning:Independent Variable: CaffeineDependent Variable: LearningOperational definition for learning? Time to learn the mazeExperimental Condition: Receiving caffeineControl Condition: No caffeineResearch Ethics Institutional Review BoardRespect and concern for the dignity and welfare of participates American Psychological AssociationSets the ethical guidelines Research Ethics• Informed Consent1. General Purpose2.3. Assignment manner4. Anything that might affect the decision to participate5.6. Any risksHuman 1. _______________2. _______________3. _______________4. _______________5. _______________Non-Human1. ______________2. ______________3. ______________4.
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