CHAPTER 4: LEARNING LECTURE NOTES- Chapter 4o Learning- The process of acquiring knowledge- A relatively permanent change in behavior, or potential behavior, that results from experience- Not a result of _aging or physical developmento Noticing and Ignoring- Orienting Response- An inborn tendency to _notice and respond to new or surpising events- Habituation- The decreased response to a repeated stimulus - Sensitization- Increased responsiveness, or sensitivity, to an event that has been repeatedo Classical Conditioning (CC)- Ivan Pavlov- Psychic Secretions- Classical Conditioning-a form or learning; conditioned and inconditioned stimuli; occurs outside of one’s control- A set of procedures used to investigate how organisms learn about the signaling properties of events- It involves learning the relations ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________o Terminology of CC- Unconditioned Response (UCR)- An observable response that is produced automatically, natural response-not learned- Example: jump when we hear thunder - Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)- SA stimulus that automatically leads to an observable responseNOTE: You are responsible for all information in the book, regardless of whether or not it is covered in this lecture. Further, you are responsible for all information in the lecture, regardless of whether or not it is presented in the lecture notes provided below.- Example: Salivation, startle- Conditioned Response- The acquired response that is produced by the conditioned stimulusin anticipation of the unconditioned stimulus _- Ex: salivating- Conditioned Stimulus- _The neutral stimulus that leads to a conditioned response Ex: Footstepso Forming the Conditioned Stimulus-Unconditioned Stimulus Connection- A conditioned stimulus will become the signal for the unconditioned stimulus when it provides information about the delivery of the UCS- Normal Conditioning- For the association to be most effective, the conditioned stimulus (bell) has to be presented before the unconditioned stimulus (food)- Simultaneous Conditioning: food and the bell at the same time- Backward Conditioning: _bell after the foodo Second-Order Conditioning- A procedure in which an _established conditioned stimulus is used to condition a second neutral stimulus- Pavlov’s dog: _associate the bell and the food - Advertising: associate actors with the advertiseo Stimulus Generalization- A response to a new stimulus in a way similar to the response produced byan established conditioned stimulus- The case of Little Albert: _the rat and the clanging noiseo Stimulus Discrimination- Responding differently to –a new situation than how one responds to an established conditioned stimulus- Natural tendency is to _generalizeo Extinction- Presenting a conditioned stimulus repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus, resulting in _a loss in respondingo Spontaneous Recovery- the recovery of an extinguished response when __the conditioned stimulusis presented again, after a delayo Operant Conditioning- Through Operant Conditioning, we learn that our actions, rather than a conditioned stimulus, lead to particular outcomes.o The law of Effect- Edward Thorndike- The Law of Effecto a response in a particular situation is followed by a satisfying or pleasant consequence, then the connection between the response and that situation will be strengthened; if a response in a particular situation is followed by an unsatisfying or unpleasant consequence, theconnection will be weakened o Basically, if a behavior is followed by a positive consequence, then the behavior is more likely to occur againo Reinforcement- Positive Reinforcement: _when the presentation of an event after a behavior increases the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.- Appetitive Stimuli: _money, food, water; likely to have appetite for.- Negative Reinforcement: __When the removal of a negative event after a behavior increases the likelihood of the behavior occurring again.- Negative Reinforcement is NOT A BAD THINGo It is still used to INCREASE a behavior by taking something negative awayo Punishment- Punishment(Temporary) is used to _decrease the likelihood of a behavior_o Positive Punishment- When the presentation of a consequence after a behavior _decreases__ the likelihood of that behavior occurring againo Negative Punishment- When the removal of something after a behavior __decreases__ the likelihood of that behavioro Which is Better?- Positive Reinforcement = + something to _INCREASE__ behavior- Negative Reinforcement = - something to __INCREASE behavior- Positive Punishment = + something to ___DECREASE behavior- Negative Punishment = - something to DECREASE__ behavioro Reinforcement Schedules- Schedule of Reinforcement: _A rule used to determine when particular behaviors will be reinforced.- Continuous Reinforcement Schedule- When a behavior is followed by reinforcment every time it occurs.- Partial Reinforcement Schedule- _When a behavior is followed only some of the time after it occurs._o Partial Reinforcement Scheduleso Ratio: of actual behavioro Interval: passage of timeo Variable: Unpredictable- Fixed-ratio- Requires a certain NUMBER of responses before reinforcement occurs- The number of responses required before reinforcement is FIXED- It produces a STEADY and _CONSISTENT rate of responding because the reinforcement is predictable - Variable-Ratio Schedules- Also requires a certain _NUMBER_ of responses before reinforcement. However the number required _CHANGES_ and is not fixed- It produces __HIGH_ rates of responding because the rewards are unpredictable.- Fixed-Interval Schedule- Reinforcement is provided to the first response that occurs after a _FIXED_ amount of _TIME has passed- The pattern of responding that occurs is _THAT IT SLOWS DOWN_ after reinforcement and then __GRADUALLY_ as the time interval comes to an end- Variable-Interval Schedule- In this type of schedule, the amount of_TIME before reinforcementCHANGES_ and is NOT fixed- STEADY responding patterno Shaping- Skinner- Reinforcements are delivered for successive approximation to the desired response_o Observational Learning- Ability _to learn from the experiences of others_o Modeling- Bandura- Vicarious Learning- Vicarious