CHAPTER 10: INTELLIGENCE  LECTURE NOTESChapter 10- Intelligenceo Internal capacity that accounts for individual differences in mental test performance- Psychometricso To measure the mind analyzing performance on mental tests- “Galton”o Individual differences in intelligence lies in heredity and could be measured______- General and Specific IntelligenceG-factoro A general factor o Contributes to performance on a variety of mental tasksS-factoro A Specific factor o Unique to a particular test- Thurstoneo 7 primary mental abilities Verbal Comprehension Verbal _Fluency Numerical Ability Spatial Ability Memory Perceptual Speed Reasoningo Abilities are largely independent- Cattell & Horne Crystallized intelligence Acquired knowledge and ability School_ and Cultural Fluid intelligence Ability to solve problems and reason  Relatively uninfluenced by experience Biological- Who was theorist of multiple intelligences? Math Gardnero Multiple Intelligences separate and independent  musical to interpersonal ability - Intelligence includes special abilities and talents- “The ability to solve problems that matter in a cultural setting”1. Musical2. Bodily 3. Logical-mathematical 4. Linguistic 5. Spatial 6. Interpersonal 7. Intrapersonal 8. Naturalist Broadens conceptualization of IQ- Sternberg’s Triarchic Theoryo 3 types of intelligences 1)Analytical: processing information well  reasoning Logic-based problems 2)Creative: How well people cope with novel tasks- Apply skills- 3)Practical: how well people fit into their _environment_ street smarts- Tests- Achievement Testso Current knowledge_ or competence in an area  Test of how well you type after a semester-long typing class- Aptitude Testso Ability to learn in a particular area Pre-placement tests Help you make career decisions- StandardizationProcedure whereby administration, scoring, interpretation, kept the same acrossadministrationsWhat are the characteristics of a “good” test?- Reliabilityo Consistencyo Test-retest reliability Obtain approximately the same score every time the test is administered- Validityo How well a test measures what it is supposed to Content validity represents every single element of a construct_ Predictive validity: Degree to which results predict performance onsomething else Construct validity _how well a test applies to a theory- Intelligence Quotient (IQ)IQ = Mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100Binet and Simon Designed tests to measure skills needed in school Memory, reasoning, Verbal Comprehension Designed to assess _Mental level_ - Extremes of Intelligenceo Mental Retardation IQ 70 or below, diagnosed before age 18 Genetic- Down Syndrome- PKUo Environmental _Inadequate nutrition_____ Illness__ _teratogens__Giftedness:IQ above 130Tend to be more successfulAdequate social skillsSavants:Limited emotional social and intellectual social abilitiesBut have special skills in a particular domainOften associated with autism- Creativity Ability to generate ideas that are novel Ideas must also be useful _ and Adaptive_ Tested by the ability to draw connections between things Food – Catcher –Hot ____________________________ correlated to IQ- Emotional Intelligenceo Ability to perceive, _understand, and show emotions self and otherso High_ emotional intelligence Empathy Conflict management Excellent predictor - ____________________________________- ____________________________________- life successo Tacit Knowledge Unspoken practical knowledge about how to performwell on the job__o Predicts job performance_- Stability of IQ Longitudinal Study One of the best way to measure stability of IQ Seattle Longitudinal Study Found great stability in IQ Some decline after _60_ _Fluid intelligence_ declines _Crystallized intelligence constant or increases__ intelligence constant or increases- Flynn Effecto IQs are steadily increasing with time Generationally basedo Why? Increased nutrition__ Better schooling New Technologies_- Genetics (Nature):  Individual differences in mental ability may be inherited Twin studies/ Reared together = .86_ Reared apart = .72- Nurture (Environment)- Economic Differenceso Racial groups more likely to live at poverty level, linked to lower IQ Education Poor nutrition Lack of health care- Test biaso Devised by Caucasian, middle-class, male psychologists Terms cultural__ specific African American psychologist _Robert Williams_created IQ test that relied heavily on African American terms and expressions,White students who have limited experience with African American culture performed poorly Stereotype threat and expectancies Situational variables that affect test performance- Interaction of genes and environmento genetic 70% to environment 30%o We are a product of an interaction of genes and