Outline Chapter 1 Human DevelopmentDevelopmentThe age-related physical, intellectual, social, and personal changes that occur throughout an individual’s lifetimeChapter Outline • Physical Development• Intellectual Development• Moral Development• Social Development• Personality Human Development Physical Development Prenatal Developmento Conception• Union of sperm and ovumo Germinal Period• Zygote Fertilized egg 2 week period of rapid cell growtho Embryonic Period• Embryo Developing human organism from 2-8 weeks after conception Sexual differentiation beginso Fetal Period• Fetus From 9 weeks until birthPrenatal Development • Teratogens - _____________________________________________• Morning SicknessFetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). • A pattern of birth complications and defects that result from excessive consumption of alcohol during pregnancy• Leading cause of mental retardation• Physical Development Infancy • Experience with the environment begins to shape subsequent development Infancy Developmental milestones • Physical Development Childhood • Growth slows down• Physical growth less apparent but brain continues to developAdolescence • Growth spurt- rapid increase in height and weight• Puberty - stage when humans reach sexual maturityAdolescence • Puberty - stage when humans reach sexual maturity • Physical Development Adulthood • Height of physical and mental abilities in 20’s• Decline of physical and mental abilities begins shortly after• Menopause About age 50• Neurological changes associated with agingIntellectual Development • How does a baby experience the sensory world? Tools of Investigation • Longitudinal– Same person studied over time• Cross-Sectional– People of different ages compared at the same timeExperiments with Babies• Preference Technique -How long the infant looks at stimuli• Habituation Technique– Babies like noveltyIntellectual Development • Depth perception• Visual cliff• Infants balk at crawling over cliff at about 6 monthsIntellectual Development • Differences in adult and infant sensory capabilities • How do humans make sense of their sensory world?• Jean Piaget– Schemas Assimilation Accommodation Schemas are modified during four developmental stagesJean Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development:• Sensorimotor: birth – 2 yrs.– Object permanence: _________• Preoperational: 2 – 7 yrs– Pretend play– Principle of conservation– Centration – Egocentrism• Concrete Operational: 7 – 11 yrs.– Mental operation– Mathematical operations– Conservation– Still just concrete• Formal Operational: 11 yrs. – adulthood– Abstract reasoning– Abstract logic– Potential for moral reasoningMoral Development Morality- ______________________________________________Lawrence Kohlberg: -theory of 3 stages of moral developmentKohlberg’s theory:• Preconventional Morality• Conventional Morality• Postconventional MoralitySocial Development • Surrogate Mother Experiments– Monkeys preferred contact with the comfortable cloth mother, even when feeding from the nourishing wire mother Social Development • Critical period– An optimal period shortly after birth when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development• Imprinting– The process by which certain animals form attachment during a critical period early in lifeAttachmentMary Ainsworth • Secure attachment– Play comfortably and explore their environment– Mother leaves, distressed and when she returns they seek contact with her• Insecure attachment– Less likely to explore their environment– Often clingy– Mother leaves they cry and remain upset when she returns• Insecure-Ambivalent attachment– Anxious bond when separated– Upon mother’s return they seek to be near her and angrily resist contact with herDevelopment of Identity • Trust vs. Mistrust– Infancy (1st year)– Task: If needs are met basic trust develops• Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt– Toddler (2nd year)– Task: Learning to exercise will and independency or doubt abilities• Initiative vs. Guilt– Preschool (3-5 years)– Task: Learn to initiate tasks & carry out plans or feel guilty about efforts to be independentDevelopment of Identity • Industry vs. Inferiority– 6 – 12 years– Task: to feel competent• Identity vs. Role Confusion– Adolescence (12 – 18 years)– Task: Trying on roles and identities to find what fits them best• Intimacy vs. Isolation– Young adulthood– Task: learn to connect with a romantic partnerDevelopment of Identity • Generativity vs. Stagnation– Middle adult (40’s to 60’s)– Task: Contributing to well-being of others, usually through family or feelingof a lack of purpose• Integrity vs. Despair– Late adult (60’s +)– Task: When reflecting on life feeling a sense of satisfaction or failureGrowing Old• Physical abilities may decline• Intelligence may increase• Marital satisfaction may increase• Feel more confident• Ageism• Prejudice against someone based on age Sick, mental decline, disabled, lonely, depressed Death• Psychological Stages of Death • Theorist Kubler-Ross – Denial – Anger – Bargaining – Depression –