CHAPTER 7: MOTIVATION AND EMOTION  LECTURE NOTESChapter 7: Motivation and Emotion- Motivation o Why we do what we do Motivation refers to the _dynamics of behavior.___ The ways in which our actions are __initiated_, __sustained_____, ____directed___, ___terminated__.- Model of Motivation o Many motivated actions begin with a NEED, or internal deficiencyo Needs cause a _DRIVE_, an energized motivational state, to developo Drives activate a _RESPONSE_, action, designed to attain a _GOAL___ When your goal is attained, your need is temporarily reduced- Push Versus Pullo Behaviors can be motivated by internal “pushes” or needs that we need to fulfill for survivalo Behaviors can also be motivated by outside “pulls”- Incentive valueo ____________________________________________________- Three Major Types of Motiveso Primary Motives _Based on biological needs that must be met for survival; innate__- Innateo Stimulus Motives _Need for stimulation and information- May be innate but not necessary for survivalo Secondary Motives Based on learned needs, drives, and goals.- Primary Motiveso Homeostasis Bodily Equilibrium Literally means “Standing Steady”- Normal levels exist for body temperature, food intake, blood pressure…- When the body deviates from these ideal levels, automatic reactions begin to restore equilibrium- Hungero What is hunger?o Caused by stomach contractions? Not the full story- Lowered levels of glucose in the blood- The liver picks up this lack of fuel and sends hunger messages to the brain which contribute to the desire to eat- Hunger and your Braino No single hunger centero Importance of the Hypothalamus Sensitive to levels of sugar in the blood Also receives neural messages from the liver_ and stomach_ “Feeding System” that initiates eating- Located in _Lateral_ Hypothalamus Satiety System “Stop Mechanism”- Ventromedial Hypothalamus Paraventricual Nucleus- Sensitive to blood sugar levels_ and starts or stops feeding- Sensitive to Neuropeptide Yo Present = feeding- Marijuana Glucagon-like peptide 1- Causes eating to_stop- Set Pointo Set point for the portion of fat that is maintained The weight you maintain when you are not making an effort to gain or lose weighto Leptin Substance released when _you have gained too much fat- Tells you to eat less- This is only part of the puzzleo 65% of adults in the US are overweight!o Overfeeding a child can disrupt the set point- Obesity o Lack of Leptin___________o “Set Point” is very higho External eating cues Signs and signals linked with foodo Emotional cues Eating in response _to emotions- Dieto Not just a way to lose weighto Defined by the types and amount of food you regularly eat___- We are also sensitive to dietary contento Sweetness, fat, and variety tend to _encourage overeating__- Dietingo If dieting works, why are hundreds of new ones published each year? - Evolutiono Prepared us to save energy when food is scarce and stock up on fat when it is plentiful- Behavioral dieting- Eating Disorders o Anorexia Nervosa Self-starvation that affects mostly young women Body weight below 85 percent of normal for one's height and age.  Refusal to maintain body weight in normal range.  Intense fear of becoming fat or gaining weight, even though underweight. Disturbance in one's body image or perceived weight.  Self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body weight.  Denial of seriousness of abnormally low body weight.  Absence of menstrual periods.  Purging behavior (vomiting or misuse of laxatives or diuretics). - Eating Disorderso Bulimia Nervosa Overeating followed by purging Normal or above-normal weight.  Recurring binge eating.  Eating within an hour or two an amount of food that is much larger than most people would consume.  Feeling a lack of control over eating.  Purging behavior (vomiting or misuse of laxatives or diuretics).  Excessive exercise to prevent weight gain.  Fasting to prevent weight gain.  Self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body weight.- Causeso Intense dissatisfaction with body weight Distorted view of ones bodyo Media messageso Need for controlo Culture- Primary Motives, Againo Thirst Extracellular Thirst- When water is lost from lfluids surrounding the cells of your body__o Caused by sweating, bleeding, vomiting, and drinking alcohol Intracellular Thirst- Water is drawn out of the cells____o Caused by _eating salty foods_____ o Pain Episodic Drive- Pain avoidance only occurs when bodily damage has occuredor is about to occur- Learned and culturally influenced Arousal Theory- Arousal is _homeostatic____o We try to keep our arousal at an optimal levelo Refers to activation of the body and nervous system Zero=death; Low=Sleep; Moderate=daily activities; High= excitement or panico Sensation Seeking High sensation seekers tend to be bold and independent, report more sexual partners, more likely to smoke, and prefer spicy, sour, and crunchy foods Low sensation seekers tend to be orderly_, nurturing____, giving, and enjoy the company of others. - Levels of Arousalo Peak Performanceo Arousal and Performance Yerkes-Dodson Law- Performance for simple tasks is better during high arousal, performance for hard tasks is better during _low__ arousal- Circadian Rhythms o Internal biological clock that undergoes a cycle every 24 hourso During this cycle, large changes occur in the body “Day people” versus “Night People”- Shift work and jet lag -Melatonino Circadian rhythms are most noticeable when there is a major shift in time scheduleso Time zone travel leads our cycle to be out of synch with the sun or clockso How fast can people adjust?o East versus West travel- Learned Motiveso Heroino Opponent-Process Theory of drug addiction _If a stimulus causes a strong emotion, such as pleasure, an opposite emotion tends to occur when the stimulus ends- Habituationo Emotional After-effects First jump = anxiety before, terror during, relief after 100th jump = eagerness before, thrill during, exhilaration after Pleasurable after-effect gets stronger and initial pain or fear gets weaker- Social Motiveso Things like _status, possessions_, money, power, dominance, need for achievemento Acquired through _Socialization__ and cultural conditioning- Motives in Perspective o Hierarchy of human needs: Maslow All of these basic needs are called