Study Guide Psychology 110-011 Exam #2 Professor: Crystal McIndoo 1. Understand the concept of classical conditioning. What is the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR? Be able to apply it to examples. Pg. 119-120Ans: a form or learning; conditioned and unconditioned stimuli; occurs outside of one’s control. UCS: Unconditioned stimulus that automatically leads to an observable response. Ex: Flu UCR: Unconditioned response- produced automatically, natural response not learned. Getting sick CR: conditioned response is produced by the unconditioned stimulus in anticipation of the conditioned stimulus. Ex: salivation. Ex: Not eating the food CS: neutral stimulus that leads to a conditioned response. Ex: smell of the food.2. What is second-order conditioning? What is simultaneous and backward conditioning? Pg. 123-124 . (pg. 120) First order- pair the bell with the food that makes you salivateSecond order- Light with the bellSimultaneous conditioning is paring the bell and the light at the same time… Bellbefore the food but backwards is not going to help.3. What is stimulus generalization vs. stimulus discrimination? Pg. 124-125 125-126 Stimulus generalization: Little Albert’s scare of white furry thingsStimulus discrimination: not going to scare him bc he can discriminate btw stimuli. 4. What is extinction and spontaneous recovery? Pg. 126-127Extinction: Kept ringing the bell no food, extinct of salivationSpontaneous recovery: The response comes back later if do the experiment again.5. Know the concept of operant conditioning and the different types of reinforcement (positive/negative) and punishment (positive/negative). Pg. 131-1346. What are the four types of reinforcement schedules? What kind of response stylesdo they create? Be able to apply to real life situations. Pg. 135-138Fixed ratioVariable ratioFixed intervalVariable Interval7. Know what shaping is and how it is used. Pg. 138-140Shaping is when reinforcements are delivered for successive approximations to desired response. Point is step by step8. What is observational learning? Understand Bandura’s work in this area. (hint: bodo doll) Pg. 141-142 Learning by observing experiences of others. 9. Know the parts of the neuron and what their functions are: cell body, dendrites, and axon. Pg. 150-151 Cell body: soma; contains the nucleusDendrites: receive transmission from other cells Axons: Send information to other cells. 10. Be familiar with the action potential and how it works. What is the all or none law? What is happening at resting potential? How are sodium and potassium ions involved? Pg. 151-153 Resting potential there is a negative charge in the axon. Sodium-potassium pump pushes sodium ions out and hauling potassium ions in. There is more sodium outside at the resting potential.Action potential: Sodium gates open and let the sodium in and potassium out. Process of communication btw cells: Messages transmit from cell to cell.11. What is the synapse? What does a neuron do at the synapse? What is a neurotransmitter? Pg. 153-155 figures 5.8-5.9Synapse: a gap between neurons. Neurotransmitters are released at the synapse. Neurotransmitter is a chemical that has been stored in the neuron that can activate receptors of other neurons. All or none law: there is an actional potential or there is none!12. Why is it possible to develop drugs for some behaviors and psychological conditions? (hint: neurotransmitters) pg. 157-158Dozens of neurotransmitters and each one activate a different set of receptors. Drug works on the neurotransmitters affecting the receptors. Any drugs that increases or decreases the activity of a type of receptor produces specific effects on behavior.13. What is Parkinson’s disease and what neurotransmitter is thought to be involved?Understand the role of L-DOPA. Pg. 157Dopamine imp in Parkinson’s disease. Difficulty in initiating voluntary movement, rigidity, tremors. Caused by a gradual decay of axons that release dopamine. L-DOPA increases the production of Dopamine in the brain.14. How do drugs, like Ritalin help to treat Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)? Pg. 157 ADD- condition marked by impulsive behavior and short attention span. Prevent pre synaptic neurons from re absorbing the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin after releasing them. TOO little dopamine and serotonin. Ritalin prevents them from being reabsorbed and makes them stay in the system.15. What is the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system? Know the subdivisions of each and their role. Pg. 158Brain and Spinal cord- CNSPNS - bundles of nerves and axons that send messages btw the spinal cord and thebrain.- SNS - nerves that communicate with muscles and skin- ANS - stomach, heart, and other organsSympathetic System: Fight or flight; heart beat increases, sweat, etcParasympathetic System: rest and digest; restores body’s energy16. Know the 4 lobes and their functions. What do they each specialized in? Pg. 160-163 figure 5.17 Cerebelum Parietal-PainOccipital-EyesightFrontal- movement and memoryTemporal- Hearing17. How is sensory information sent to the cerebral cortex? Pg-163Through the THALAMUS18. Where is the cerebellum and what is is it responsible for? Pg. 164 (5.13 159)It is in the hymn brain , back of the brain. Imp for aim or timing behavior.19. What is split brain? What do their patients experience for both sight and feeling? How is the corpus callosum involved? Pg.-170 When the corpus collosum is split in the middle. So left visual, right brain. Speech control center is on the left side of the brain.20. What are subliminal massages and what can they do and not do? Pg. 182-183Ability to influence our behavior. They cannot hypnotize you, your body habits, not put evil messages in your brain, all the other myths. Only can pick up a fraction of eye vision like contagious (smile and you smile etc)21. Be familiar with what feature detection theory. Pg. 185Feature detection theory- see the different parts and diff areas of brainOpposite from Gestalt theory. Pg.185 Exp 122. What is Gestalt psychology? Understand the concepts of similarity, closure, continuation, and proximity. Pg. 189-191 figure 6.12 and 6.15Gestalt psychology- seeks to explain how we perceive WHOLE patterns. Figure 6.12 Similarity- group similar things together, Proximity- when things are grouped close together, imagining the rest of an incomplete familiar figure-closure,