Chapter 11 PersonalitySo, what do most people mean by “personality”?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What does psychology mean by “personality”?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Theories of Personality________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Personality before psychology: an example________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Trait Theory• Traits, i.e. enduring patterns across contexts.• Observed traits stem from enduring patterns of internal processes.• 18,000 words >>> 16 traits >>> 3 to 5 types or overarching traits.• Get rid of states, e.g. angry, euphoric.• Factor Analysis– What correlates? E.g. warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness.– What doesn’t? E.g. self-discipline doesn’t correlate with the above three.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Trait Theory Example: Eysenck’s 3 Psychological Types• Extroversion-Introversion– sociable and risk-taking versus socially inhibited and cautious• Neuroticism-Emotional stability– anxious and moody versus emotionally stable• Psychoticism-Impulse control– antisocial and impulsive versus empathic and in control________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Another example: The Big FivePersonality is an OCEAN.• Openness• Conscientiousness• Extraversion• Agreeableness• Neuroticism________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Cognitive Social Theory• Behavioral emphasis on learning.• Cognitive focus on beliefs, expectations, and information processing in response to RELEVANT situations.• Assumes humans are essentially rational• Assumes humans are self-regulating________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Cognitive-Social Theory________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Cognitive Social Theory________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Psychodynamic Theories of Personality • Sigmund _____________________– Erikson– __________________• Loving and aggressive instincts (Freud).– We’re __________________ to fight and to fornicate, just like all the other ___________________.– Civilization leads us to be discontent.• Clinical foundation– Personality as one big symptom (Freud).________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Freud: We’re barely conscious________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________HOW TO DEFEND YOURSELF________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Freud’s Structural Model of Personality________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Freud’s model (cont’d)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Freud’s Developmental Model________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Freud’s Psychosexual Stages________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Humanistic Theory________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs• Self-actualization: we are EACH innately disposed to strive toward positive growth.• Conditions of worth and unmet needs get in the way.• “The client knows best.”________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Some online