Study Guide Psychology 110 011 Exam 2 Professor Crystal McIndoo 1 Understand the concept of classical conditioning What is the UCS UCR CS and CR Be able to apply it to examples Pg 119 120 Ans a form or learning conditioned and unconditioned stimuli occurs outside of one s control UCS Unconditioned stimulus that automatically leads to an observable response Ex Flu UCR Unconditioned response produced automatically natural response not learned Getting sick CR conditioned response is produced by the unconditioned stimulus in anticipation of the conditioned stimulus Ex salivation Ex Not eating the food CS neutral stimulus that leads to a conditioned response Ex smell of the food 2 What is second order conditioning What is simultaneous and backward conditioning Pg 123 124 pg 120 First order pair the bell with the food that makes you salivate Second order Light with the bell Simultaneous conditioning is paring the bell and the light at the same time Bell before the food but backwards is not going to help 3 What is stimulus generalization vs stimulus discrimination Pg 124 125 125126 Stimulus generalization Little Albert s scare of white furry things Stimulus discrimination not going to scare him bc he can discriminate btw stimuli 4 What is extinction and spontaneous recovery Pg 126 127 Extinction Kept ringing the bell no food extinct of salivation Spontaneous recovery The response comes back later if do the experiment again 5 Know the concept of operant conditioning and the different types of reinforcement positive negative and punishment positive negative Pg 131134 6 What are the four types of reinforcement schedules What kind of response styles do they create Be able to apply to real life situations Pg 135 138 Fixed ratio Variable ratio Fixed interval Variable Interval 7 Know what shaping is and how it is used Pg 138 140 Shaping is when reinforcements are delivered for successive approximations to desired response Point is step by step 8 What is observational learning Understand Bandura s work in this area hint bodo doll Pg 141 142 Learning by observing experiences of others 9 Know the parts of the neuron and what their functions are cell body dendrites and axon Pg 150 151 Cell body soma contains the nucleus Dendrites receive transmission from other cells Axons Send information to other cells 10 Be familiar with the action potential and how it works What is the all or none law What is happening at resting potential How are sodium and potassium ions involved Pg 151 153 Resting potential there is a negative charge in the axon Sodium potassium pump pushes sodium ions out and hauling potassium ions in There is more sodium outside at the resting potential Action potential Sodium gates open and let the sodium in and potassium out Process of communication btw cells Messages transmit from cell to cell 11 What is the synapse What does a neuron do at the synapse What is a neurotransmitter Pg 153 155 figures 5 8 5 9 Synapse a gap between neurons Neurotransmitters are released at the synapse Neurotransmitter is a chemical that has been stored in the neuron that can activate receptors of other neurons All or none law there is an actional potential or there is none 12 Why is it possible to develop drugs for some behaviors and psychological conditions hint neurotransmitters pg 157 158 Dozens of neurotransmitters and each one activate a different set of receptors Drug works on the neurotransmitters affecting the receptors Any drugs that increases or decreases the activity of a type of receptor produces specific effects on behavior 13 What is Parkinson s disease and what neurotransmitter is thought to be involved Understand the role of L DOPA Pg 157 Dopamine imp in Parkinson s disease Difficulty in initiating voluntary movement rigidity tremors Caused by a gradual decay of axons that release dopamine L DOPA increases the production of Dopamine in the brain 14 How do drugs like Ritalin help to treat Attention Deficit Disorder ADD Pg 157 ADD condition marked by impulsive behavior and short attention span Prevent pre synaptic neurons from re absorbing the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin after releasing them TOO little dopamine and serotonin Ritalin prevents them from being reabsorbed and makes them stay in the system 15 What is the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system Know the subdivisions of each and their role Pg 158 Brain and Spinal cord CNS PNS bundles of nerves and axons that send messages btw the spinal cord and the brain SNS nerves that communicate with muscles and skin ANS stomach heart and other organs Sympathetic System Fight or flight heart beat increases sweat etc Parasympathetic System rest and digest restores body s energy 16 Know the 4 lobes and their functions What do they each specialized in Pg 160163 figure 5 17 Cerebelum Parietal Pain Occipital Eyesight Frontal movement and memory Temporal Hearing 17 How is sensory information sent to the cerebral cortex Pg 163 Through the THALAMUS 18 Where is the cerebellum and what is is it responsible for Pg 164 5 13 159 It is in the hymn brain back of the brain Imp for aim or timing behavior 19 What is split brain What do their patients experience for both sight and feeling How is the corpus callosum involved Pg 170 When the corpus collosum is split in the middle So left visual right brain Speech control center is on the left side of the brain 20 What are subliminal massages and what can they do and not do Pg 182 183 Ability to influence our behavior They cannot hypnotize you your body habits not put evil messages in your brain all the other myths Only can pick up a fraction of eye vision like contagious smile and you smile etc 21 Be familiar with what feature detection theory Pg 185 Feature detection theory see the different parts and diff areas of brain Opposite from Gestalt theory Pg 185 Exp 1 22 What is Gestalt psychology Understand the concepts of similarity closure continuation and proximity Pg 189 191 figure 6 12 and 6 15 Gestalt psychology seeks to explain how we perceive WHOLE patterns Figure 6 12 Similarity group similar things together Proximity when things are grouped close together imagining the rest of an incomplete familiar figureclosure Continuation occurs filling in the gaps of an interrupting line 23 How does Gestalt psychology help us understand vision and hearing perceptions Pg 193 Understand the concept of separating figure and ground 24 What is the relationship between perception of movement and depth