Outline Chapter 1 Human Development Development The age related physical intellectual social and personal changes that occur throughout an individual s lifetime Chapter Outline Physical Development Intellectual Development Moral Development Social Development Personality Human Development Physical Development Prenatal Development o Conception Union of sperm and ovum o Germinal Period Zygote Fertilized egg 2 week period of rapid cell growth o Embryonic Period Embryo Developing human organism from 2 8 weeks after conception Sexual differentiation begins o Fetal Period Fetus From 9 weeks until birth Prenatal Development Teratogens Morning Sickness Fetal Alcohol Syndrome FAS A pattern of birth complications and defects that result from excessive consumption of alcohol during pregnancy Leading cause of mental retardation Physical Development Infancy Experience with the environment begins to shape subsequent development Infancy Developmental milestones Physical Development Childhood Growth slows down Physical growth less apparent but brain continues to develop Adolescence Growth spurt rapid increase in height and weight Puberty stage when humans reach sexual maturity Adolescence Puberty stage when humans reach sexual maturity Physical Development Adulthood Height of physical and mental abilities in 20 s Decline of physical and mental abilities begins shortly after Menopause About age 50 Neurological changes associated with aging Intellectual Development How does a baby experience the sensory world Tools of Investigation Longitudinal Same person studied over time Cross Sectional People of different ages compared at the same time Experiments with Babies Preference Technique How long the infant looks at stimuli Habituation Technique Babies like novelty Intellectual Development Depth perception Visual cliff Infants balk at crawling over cliff at about 6 months Intellectual Development Differences in adult and infant sensory capabilities How do humans make sense of their sensory world Jean Piaget Schemas Assimilation Accommodation Schemas are modified during four developmental stages Jean Piaget s four stages of cognitive development Sensorimotor birth 2 yrs Object permanence Preoperational 2 7 yrs Pretend play Principle of conservation Centration Egocentrism Concrete Operational 7 11 yrs Mental operation Mathematical operations Conservation Still just concrete Formal Operational 11 yrs adulthood Abstract reasoning Abstract logic Potential for moral reasoning Moral Development Morality Lawrence Kohlberg theory of 3 stages of moral development Kohlberg s theory Preconventional Morality Conventional Morality Postconventional Morality Social Development Surrogate Mother Experiments Monkeys preferred contact with the comfortable cloth mother even when feeding from the nourishing wire mother Social Development Critical period An optimal period shortly after birth when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development Imprinting The process by which certain animals form attachment during a critical period early in life Attachment Mary Ainsworth Secure attachment Play comfortably and explore their environment Mother leaves distressed and when she returns they seek contact with her Insecure attachment Less likely to explore their environment Often clingy Mother leaves they cry and remain upset when she returns Insecure Ambivalent attachment Anxious bond when separated Upon mother s return they seek to be near her and angrily resist contact with her Development of Identity Trust vs Mistrust Infancy 1st year Task If needs are met basic trust develops Autonomy vs Shame Doubt Toddler 2nd year Task Learning to exercise will and independency or doubt abilities Initiative vs Guilt Preschool 3 5 years Task Learn to initiate tasks carry out plans or feel guilty about efforts to be independent Development of Identity Industry vs Inferiority 6 12 years Task to feel competent Identity vs Role Confusion Adolescence 12 18 years Task Trying on roles and identities to find what fits them best Intimacy vs Isolation Young adulthood Task learn to connect with a romantic partner Development of Identity Generativity vs Stagnation Middle adult 40 s to 60 s Task Contributing to well being of others usually through family or feeling of a lack of purpose Integrity vs Despair Late adult 60 s Task When reflecting on life feeling a sense of satisfaction or failure Growing Old Physical abilities may decline Intelligence may increase Marital satisfaction may increase Feel more confident Ageism Prejudice against someone based on age Sick mental decline disabled lonely depressed Death Psychological Stages of Death Theorist Kubler Ross Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance