CHAPTER 7 MOTIVATION AND EMOTION LECTURE NOTES Chapter 7 Motivation and Emotion Motivation o Why we do what we do Motivation refers to the dynamics of behavior The ways in which our actions are initiated sustained directed terminated Model of Motivation o Many motivated actions begin with a NEED or internal deficiency o Needs cause a DRIVE an energized motivational state to develop o Drives activate a RESPONSE action designed to attain a GOAL When your goal is attained your need is temporarily reduced Push Versus Pull o Behaviors can be motivated by internal pushes or needs that we need to fulfill for survival o Behaviors can also be motivated by outside pulls Incentive value o Three Major Types of Motives o Primary Motives Based on biological needs that must be met for survival innate Innate o Stimulus Motives Need for stimulation and information May be innate but not necessary for survival o Secondary Motives Based on learned needs drives and goals Primary Motives o Homeostasis Bodily Equilibrium Literally means Standing Steady Normal levels exist for body temperature food intake blood pressure When the body deviates from these ideal levels automatic reactions begin to restore equilibrium Hunger o What is hunger o Caused by stomach contractions Not the full story Lowered levels of glucose in the blood The liver picks up this lack of fuel and sends hunger messages to the brain which contribute to the desire to eat Hunger and your Brain o No single hunger center o Importance of the Hypothalamus Sensitive to levels of sugar in the blood Also receives neural messages from the liver and stomach Feeding System that initiates eating Located in Lateral Hypothalamus Satiety System Stop Mechanism Ventromedial Hypothalamus Paraventricual Nucleus Sensitive to blood sugar levels and starts or stops feeding Sensitive to Neuropeptide Y o Present feeding Marijuana Glucagon like peptide 1 Causes eating to stop Set Point o Set point for the portion of fat that is maintained The weight you maintain when you are not making an effort to gain or lose weight o Leptin Substance released when you have gained too much fat Tells you to eat less This is only part of the puzzle o 65 of adults in the US are overweight o Overfeeding a child can disrupt the set point Obesity o Lack of Leptin o Set Point is very high o External eating cues Signs and signals linked with food o Emotional cues Eating in response to emotions Diet o Not just a way to lose weight o Defined by the types and amount of food you regularly eat We are also sensitive to dietary content o Sweetness fat and variety tend to encourage overeating Dieting o If dieting works why are hundreds of new ones published each year Evolution o Prepared us to save energy when food is scarce and stock up on fat when it is plentiful Behavioral dieting Eating Disorders o Anorexia Nervosa Self starvation that affects mostly young women Body weight below 85 percent of normal for one s height and age Refusal to maintain body weight in normal range Intense fear of becoming fat or gaining weight even though underweight Disturbance in one s body image or perceived weight Self evaluation is unduly influenced by body weight Denial of seriousness of abnormally low body weight Absence of menstrual periods Purging behavior vomiting or misuse of laxatives or diuretics Eating Disorders o Bulimia Nervosa Overeating followed by purging Normal or above normal weight Recurring binge eating Eating within an hour or two an amount of food that is much larger than most people would consume Feeling a lack of control over eating Purging behavior vomiting or misuse of laxatives or diuretics Excessive exercise to prevent weight gain Fasting to prevent weight gain Self evaluation is unduly influenced by body weight Causes o Intense dissatisfaction with body weight Distorted view of ones body o Media messages o Need for control o Culture Primary Motives Again o Thirst Extracellular Thirst When water is lost from lfluids surrounding the cells of your body o Caused by sweating bleeding vomiting and drinking alcohol Intracellular Thirst Water is drawn out of the cells o Caused by eating salty foods o Pain Episodic Drive Pain avoidance only occurs when bodily damage has occuredor is about to occur Learned and culturally influenced Arousal Theory Arousal is homeostatic o We try to keep our arousal at an optimal level o Refers to activation of the body and nervous system Zero death Low Sleep Moderate daily activities High excitement or panic o Sensation Seeking High sensation seekers tend to be bold and independent report more sexual partners more likely to smoke and prefer spicy sour and crunchy foods Low sensation seekers tend to be orderly nurturing giving and enjoy the company of others Levels of Arousal o Peak Performance o Arousal and Performance Yerkes Dodson Law Performance for simple tasks is better during high arousal performance for hard tasks is better during low arousal Circadian Rhythms o Internal biological clock that undergoes a cycle every 24 hours o During this cycle large changes occur in the body Day people versus Night People o o o o Shift work and jet lag Melatonin Circadian rhythms are most noticeable when there is a major shift in time schedules Time zone travel leads our cycle to be out of synch with the sun or clocks How fast can people adjust East versus West travel Learned Motives o Heroin o Opponent Process Theory of drug addiction If a stimulus causes a strong emotion such as pleasure an opposite emotion tends to occur when the stimulus ends Habituation o Emotional After effects First jump anxiety before terror during relief after 100th jump eagerness before thrill during exhilaration after Pleasurable after effect gets stronger and initial pain or fear gets weaker Social Motives o Things like status possessions money power dominance need for achievement o Acquired through Socialization and cultural conditioning Motives in Perspective o Hierarchy of human needs Maslow All of these basic needs are called deficiency needs Self actualization is a Growth Need Self Actualization If meta needs are unfulfilled we fall into despair and apathy Fulfilling our basic needs is not enough to live a complete life Wholeness unity Perfection balance and harmony Completion ending Justice fairness Richness complexity Simplicity essence Aliveness spontaneity Beauty rightness of form Goodness benevolence Uniqueness individuality Playfulness ease Truth reality Autonomy self