CHAPTER 10 INTELLIGENCE LECTURE NOTES Chapter 10 Intelligence o Internal capacity that accounts for individual differences in mental test performance Psychometrics o To measure the mind analyzing performance on mental tests Galton o Individual differences in intelligence lies in heredity and could be measured General and Specific Intelligence G factor o A general factor o Contributes to performance on a variety of mental tasks S factor o A Specific factor o Unique to a particular test Thurstone o 7 primary mental abilities Verbal Comprehension Verbal Fluency Numerical Ability Spatial Ability Memory Perceptual Speed Reasoning o Abilities are largely independent Cattell Horne Crystallized intelligence Acquired knowledge and ability School and Cultural Fluid intelligence Ability to solve problems and reason Relatively uninfluenced by experience Biological Who was theorist of multiple intelligences Math Gardner o Multiple Intelligences separate and independent musical to interpersonal ability Intelligence includes special abilities and talents The ability to solve problems that matter in a cultural setting 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Musical Bodily Logical mathematical Linguistic Spatial Interpersonal Intrapersonal Naturalist Broadens conceptualization of IQ Sternberg s Triarchic Theory o 3 types of intelligences 1 Analytical processing information well reasoning Logic based problems 2 Creative How well people cope with novel tasks Apply skills 3 Practical how well people fit into their environment street smarts Tests Achievement Tests o Current knowledge or competence in an area Test of how well you type after a semester long typing class Aptitude Tests o Ability to learn in a particular area Pre placement tests Help you make career decisions Standardization Procedure whereby administration scoring interpretation kept the same across administrations What are the characteristics of a good test Reliability o Consistency o Test retest reliability Obtain approximately the same score every time the test is administered Validity o How well a test measures what it is supposed to Content validity represents every single element of a construct Predictive validity Degree to which results predict performance on something else Construct validity how well a test applies to a theory Intelligence Quotient IQ IQ Mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100 Binet and Simon Designed tests to measure skills needed in school Memory reasoning Verbal Comprehension Designed to assess Mental level Extremes of Intelligence o Mental Retardation IQ 70 or below diagnosed before age 18 Genetic Down Syndrome PKU o Environmental Inadequate nutrition Illness teratogens Giftedness IQ above 130 Tend to be more successful Adequate social skills Savants Limited emotional social and intellectual social abilities But have special skills in a particular domain Often associated with autism Creativity Ability to generate ideas that are novel Ideas must also be useful and Adaptive Tested by the ability to draw connections between things Food Catcher Hot correlated to IQ Emotional Intelligence o Ability to perceive understand and show emotions self and others o High emotional intelligence Empathy Conflict management Excellent predictor life success o Tacit Knowledge Unspoken practical knowledge about how to perform well on the job o Predicts job performance Stability of IQ Longitudinal Study One of the best way to measure stability of IQ Seattle Longitudinal Study Found great stability in IQ Some decline after 60 Fluid intelligence declines Crystallized intelligence constant or increases intelligence constant or increases Flynn Effect o IQs are steadily increasing with time Generationally based o Why Increased nutrition Better schooling New Technologies Genetics Nature Individual differences in mental ability may be inherited Twin studies Reared together 86 Reared apart 72 Nurture Environment Economic Differences o Racial groups more likely to live at poverty level linked to lower IQ Education Poor nutrition Lack of health care Test bias o Devised by Caucasian middle class male psychologists Terms cultural specific African American psychologist Robert Williams created IQ test that relied heavily on African American terms and expressions White students who have limited experience with African American culture performed poorly Stereotype threat and expectancies Situational variables that affect test performance Interaction of genes and environment o genetic 70 to environment 30 o We are a product of an interaction of genes and environment