BY 124 9th Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 7 Lecture 1 January 6 List 3 characteristics of land plants Eukaryotic Autotrophic use photosynthesis to feed themselves Cell wall made of cellulose Contains chlorophyll pigment used for photosynthesis Starch how they store their glucose In the cell they have a characteristic large central vacuole used for support and water What is the closest relative of plants How are they similar to today s plants Charophyceans Ways that Charophyceans are similar to today s land plants o Have rose shaped complexes where cellulose is made o Peroxisome enzymes break down long chain fatty acids o Flagellated sperm not all plants have flagellated sperm though o Phragmoplast aids in cell wall formation between two daughter cells What is alternation of generations Briefly describe the process What is the female sexual organ structure called Male structure Alternation of generation Dominant generation sporophyte undergoes meiosis to form spores Spores n reproductive cells that develop directly into organisms without fusion with another cell o Gametes have to fuse with another cell Spore undergoes mitosis to become a gametophyte n Gametophyte undergoes mitosis to get gametes n Multicellular organ structure where gametes are made Archegonia female eggs Antheridia male sperm What did plants have to evolve in order to be successful Cuticle keeps plants from drying out Stoma ta allows for CO2 to come in from bottom of leaves Lignin creates bark has been found in some mosses Gamete dispersion wind self pollination animals Vascular system Protection from predators spikes poison Pigments protect from sunlight Lecture 2 January 8 What are three characteristics of nonvascular plants What are three characteristics of vascular plants Nonvascular Gametophyte n dominant No true roots leaves or stems No lignin Not adapted to land well Have a cuticle Retain embryo in female part of plant Vascular Sporophyte dominant 2n Xylem and phloem True roots leaves and stems Very well adapted to land Describe the life cycle of a moss What is its dominant form What phylum do mosses typically belong to Phylum Bryophyta Dominant form is gametophyte Life Cycle of Moss Female F and Male M gametophyte o Dominant form gametophyte 2n mitosis to make egg and sperm Sperm needs water to find egg o Egg retained in F part of plant o Sporophyte grows out of gametophyte meiosis to create spores n from sporangium Spores never released all at one time so as to account for possible unfavorable conditions Capsules holding spores use seta stem like structures to stay up Can reproduce asexually using gimmae What are the two phyla of Seedless Vascular plants Give an example of each Phylum Lycophyta Club moss Phylum Pterophyta Horsetails Ferns Describe the life cycle of a fern What is the dominant form What phylum do ferns belong to Phylum Pterophyta Dominant form is sporophyte Homosporous prothallus Gametophyte bisexual grows out of spore Sexual reproduction is possible But F and M parts develop at different times so that self pollination is unlikely o Can be asexual because of meristem capability What are three advantages of seed plants over non seeded plants Why are these advantages Three Advantages to seed plants over non seeded early plants Pollen grain replaces swimming sperm Gametophyte is reduced and maintained in sporophyte o Not photosynthetic or free living Heterospores seed encloses embryo for protection and food o Seed distributes species instead of spore Describe the life cycle of a pine tree What is the dominant form What phylum do pine trees belong to Phylum Coniferophyta Dominant form is sporophyte Life cycle of a Pine tree Sperm cell Generative cell Mature pollen grain n Sterile cell Tube cell o Mature pollen grain holds tube cells sperm cells and sterile cells Microsporangium 2n meiosis pollen grain n Ovulate cone 2n o Megasporangium meiosis haploid megaspores Pollen blown by wind Some plants have an immunological defense against self pollination to allow for more diversity stickiness of pine cone draws in pollen to fertilize Archegonium is similar to ovary off human o Where fertilization occurs Fertilization can occur 15 months after pollination Cone protects female gametophyte Lecture 3 January 13 List 4 characteristics of Angiosperms not anatomical What is their phylum called Why do angiosperms end up with 7 cells but 8 nuclei What is unique to only angiosperms Phylum Anthophyta Flowering plants have seeds enclosed in ovary o Ovule develops into seed ovary develops into fruit Pollination done by wind Have vessel cells in xylem Have calyx group of sepals Fruit helps disperse seeds Goes through alternation of generations Heterosporous Get 8 nuclei from mitosis but only 7 cells o This is because during the 2nd mitotic event one cell duplicates but does not undergo cytokinesis This forms a polar nuclei which will bind with the sperm and form an endospore that acts as food for the embryo Generative and tube cells come from 1st mitotic event Sperm and sperm come from 2nd mitotic event Sperm joins with egg and sterile sperm binds with polar nuclei double fertilization Double fertilization is unique to angiosperms What are the differences between monocots and eudicots Monocots o One cotyledon embryo o Veins usually parallel o Vascular tissue scattered o Fibrous root o Pollen grain with 1 opening o Usually occur in multiples of 3 Eudicots o Two cotyledons o Veins are usually netlike o Vascular tissue usually arranged in ring o Tap root o Pollen grain with 3 openings o Floral organs in multiples of 4 or 5 What are the three types of plant cells List 2 characteristics of each Parenchyma found everywhere o Relatively unspecialized o Support o No secondary cell wall o Thin flexible o VERY large central vacuole o Where most cell activity occurs o Mature cells do not divide Collenchyma o No secondary cell wall capable of elongation Plant takes in water and stretches cells up o Support of young plants and stems of non woody plants Sclerenchyma o Secondary cell wall o Lignin o Found in areas of plant that have stopped growing o Dead areas but can still grow if needed List 4 components of flowering plant anatomy Root system water and nutrients hold anchor storage Shoot system main body reproduction Leaf Blade Petiole stem of leaf Vegetative shoot forms leaves and fruit Reproductive shoot forms flower Nodes are where plants have things attached to them Apical on top and axillary on stem buds What