BIOL 101 1nd Edition Lecture 11 Outline of Last Lecture I Glycolysis a visual II Pyruvate Oxidation a visual III Citric Acid Cycle a visual IV Oxidative Phosphorylation a visual Outline of Current Lecture I Reproduction II Eukaryotic Cell Cycle III Anatomy of Chromosomes IV Cancer Current Lecture Mitosis How Cells Reproduce Class Discussion I Reproduction A Asexual reproduction creates offspring without the participation of sperm and egg organism cell division entirely new organism 1 What cells use it What organisms use it Prokaryotes some eukaryotes yeast 2 Consequencethe parent and the offspring are genetically identical B Sexual reproduction requires fertilization of an egg by sperm Resemble parents but are NOT genetically identical Come up with a list of actions or events that an animal cell must undergo to achieve division Replicate all the organelles DNA and cytoplasm in the cell The chromatin must coil up to form specific chromosomes Chromosomes have to pair up Nuclear envelope has to dissolve These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Spindle must form and attach to the centromere of the chromosomes The chromosomes line up on a the metaphase plate and then split and go to each pole the cell pinches in and then creates two new cells Growth factor must be there to keep cell division Proteins are made Interphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis II Eukaryotic Cell Cycle 2 phases A Interphase precedes both mitosis and meiosis 3 subphases 90 of the cell cycle G1 Phase Cell growth proteins are produced cytoplasm made make more macromolecules make new organelles this is when the cell carries out its function S Phase DNA synthesis chromosomes are duplicated G2 Phase Cell growth proteins are produced cytoplasm made make more macromolecules make new organelles this is when the cell carries out its function the first line the DNA replicates The x is a chromosome that consists of two sister chromatids the chromosomes divides into two separate ones Anatomy of chromosomes Chromosome a double stranded DNA molecule Sister chromatids duplicated chromosomes that are connected each chromatid will become a chromosome in the daughter cell Constricted region of a chromosome centromere Protein complex that forms at the centromere to connect chromatids to microtubule spindle fibers kinetochore Histone proteins that the DNA double helix winds around Heterochromatin when DNA is tightly wound up B Mitosis What cells in your body perform this Somatic cells body cells M 4 subphases 1 interphase DNA is being replicated and is being prepared to divide the spindles are starting to from 2 Prophase the spindles continue to start forming and the DNA begins to pack tightly together 3 ProMetaphase nuclear envelope breaking apart the spindles are attaching to the centromeres 4 Metaphase sister chromatids are lining up on the metaphase plate 5 Anaphase the sister chromatids are being pulled apart to the poles 6 Telophase cytoplasm is pinching off from each other and the two new cells are formed In animal cells you pinch the cell into two cleavage furrow but in plant cells a new cell wall is formed that divides the cell in two PRACTICE To the left is a picture of all the chromosomes of an animal cell in G1 of the cell cycle Draw what this cell will look like at 1 G2 2 Metaphase 3 After cytokinesis G2 Metaphase After cytokinesis In G2 everything will be replicated In metaphase the chromosomes will form and will split apart between the two poles After cytokinesis the the cell splits into two identical cells III Cancer How are cancer cells different from other cells The control system is not in place and the cell keeps dividing
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