GEOG 1101 Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture I Globalization II Views on Globalization III Key Issues on Globalization IV Jihad vs McCord V Bhutan Outline of Current Lecture I Gross National Happiness II Current Events in Geopolitics III Geopolitics IV Sovereign State V Power VI Territory and Sovereignty VII Ratzel s Model of State VIII Ethnicity a Ethnic Groups b Ethnic Cleansing c Ethnic Enclave Current Lecture Gross National Happiness Bhutan is the happiest place in the world Anecdote to GNP Captures things that are not really about money Have 9 domains Psychological Wellbeing Health Time Use Education Cultural Diversity and resilience Good governance Community Vitality Ecological Diversity and resilience Living Standards These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Current Events in Geopolitics Iran has gone back and forth from being a very conservative society to a very open and liberal society The state has incredible power in shaping the way people act Most countries are democracies or transitional democracies Hot Spots are places like Iraq Afghanistan and Somalia Places though to be places in trouble and failed states Effective or one party rule countries dictatorships are like Libya Egypt Sudan previously china Practice democracy but do not allow any other party to run Religious Monarchies are Iran Saudi Arabia Dependent territories are Greenland Western Sahara and Caribbean Islands Pretty much colonies Geopolitics Power to control space or territory Power to shape the foreign policy and international political relations Sovereignty States and boundaries Cornerstones of political geography and state foreign policy Sovereign State Peace of Westphalia A truce with Roman Empire over the issue of religion The Roman empire was enforcing Catholicism it said that they can not do anything Enforcing the religion of another empire Recognized by other sovereign states Ex Palestine and Kurdistan are not recognized as a sovereign state so they don t have any power Monopoly on coercive force States have their right to use their weapons and military within their boundaries Power Ability to have influence to impose one s will Can be held by individuals Can be held by collectives States corporations universities etc Coercive force conflict or violence Symbolic legitimate vision of the world o Invisible Territory and sovereignty Territory area claimed by or dependent on a sovereign power Geographic space of the state or nation Sovereignty supreme power self governance Former colonies are not usually formal culture regions Struggle for sovereignty Afghanistan s boundaries were shaped by Russian and British imperial interest Ethno linguistic groups span across boundaries Rwanda had the worst killings because it was surrounded by different european powers Two groups were divided but colonization put them together and old hatred came up and started killing each other Conflict is mainly over territory not over the culture Ratzel s Model of State 1 State grows with growth of population 2 Territorial Growth follows other aspects of development 3 A state grows by absorbing smaller units 4 Frontier reflects the strength growth of the state 5 Growth of the state rehires absorbing valuable territory 6 State grows from more primitive to more civilize 7 Trend towards growth is contagious Friedrich Ratzel was a geopolitical theorist influenced by social Darwinism His ideas have been debunked Territories and borders are very fluid Ethnicity Ethnic groups ethnic minorities that co exist with other ethnicities in multi national states Different ethnicities within the same country Canada Quebecois Soviet union Russians Ukrainians Belorussia s Uzbeks and Turkmen Afghanistan Pashtun Tajik Uzbek Hazara Yugoslavia Bosnian Serbs Muslims ethnic Croats Ethnic Separatism desire for one or more ethnic groups to obtain sovereignty and split the territory claimed by many ethnic groups Claim geographic space for culture Culture can be a catalyst for conflict but does not have to be the main purpose China has many ethnicities especially in the west In Iraq there are different religious groups Sunnis and Shias Different in theology Ethnic Cleansing forced removal of people of one ethnic group Usually to prevent opposition Hebrew conquest of Canaan 13th century bc Exile of Muslims from France in 13th Century Trail of tears in USA War crimes crimes against hum any and human rights violations In Baghdad Iraq there used to be a lot of mixed people but afterwards there were very polarized neighborhoods Ethnic Enclave district surrounded by a country but not ruled by it or not culturally a part of it Usually an ethnic group separated form the mother ship People settle in New York and from little Italy etc