GEOG 1101 Lecture 8 Outline of Last Lecture I. RefugeesII. Sri-Lanka: Tamil Tigers Case StudyIII. DecolonizationIV. Jammu/ Kashmir Case StudyV. Heartland Theory VI. New World Order VII. Israel-Palestine ConflictVIII. States, Nations and ConflictIX. Population Distribution Outline of Current Lecture I. Land GrabbingII. UN Population ProjectionsIII. DensityIV. Birth/ Fertility Rates V. Death/ Mortality Rates VI. Population Growth Rates VII. Age-sex pyramids VIII. Demographic TransitionIX. Food and Population X. Limit to Population Growth Current LectureLand GrabbingThe world bank is looking to identify the resources in Africa that have been inadequately identified. 21st century African Land Rush: Rich countries are annexing territory and buying it in order to grow food and use the natural resources of the area. These countries exploit the natural resources of the areas. UN PROJECTED POPULATION India and China started with similar population, but China was able to control it through their one child policy Places in Africa have huge population growth Mainly due to high infant mortality rate, which treating preventable diseases can prevent Low places of development are correlated to big population growth These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.US also has population growth but it is mainly due to immigrant population and first generation immigrants have more children than normal Americans A baby is born every 1.25 seconds in India Europe is experiencing negative population growth Census is a tool for population study It is hard for illiterate populations and areas, which are not under strong governance India is doing scans of the whole population to get digital information about each person in order to have a more detailed and informed census Density India, China, Bangladesh are high Australia, Canada, Russia are very low Australia is very sparsely settled in the center, but has high density near the coast and leads to strain in resources such as water Population per physician: places in Africa have very high levels on need ,but no physicians are available. Birth/ fertility Rates Ratio of the number of live births in a single year for every 1000 people in a population Also includes those babies that do not survive Us is 14, Afghanistan is 38Might be different for different ages and races Total fertility rate: number of children born to a woman between the ages of 15 to 49 Us is 1.89, while Afghanistan is 6.16Usually countries with low birth rates, have low death rates as well. Death/ Mortality Rates Number of deaths per year per 1000 people Varies within a ovulation Healthcare availability, social class, occupation, place of residence Infant Mortality rate: annual number of deaths of infants less than one year of age compared to goal number of births that same year Life Expectancy: Average number of years an infant is expected to live Also varies by race, class, and gender. Death rates are worst in Afghanistan, Central and sub Saharan Africa US, Australia, Europe Canada has really high life expectancyPopulation Growth Rates Crude Birth rates - Death rates = Growth Rates It tells you the rate of natural increase in population Does not include Immigration It is negative in Europe because of great healthcare and most people try to avoid having children until later on in there liveSocialist governments do not like this because they rely on taxes paid from the working generation to support the retired generation It squeezes out their resources. HDI: Human Development Report most countries with low development correlate with high infant mortality and formal colonial status Age-sex pyramids Represent the population age breakdown and also the breakdown on the gender of the population Shows a snapshot of the population Shows baby-booms (a lot of babies) and also baby-busts (not that many)Also tell a story of Population growth Kenya: Most people are young and childbearing age, but due to the condition there is a high infant mortality US: Slow population growth, narrowing number of people child-bearing age, Denmark: zero-growth, people of child-bearing age is small and shrinking Demographic Transition Phase 1 (Preindustrial): High birth and death rates, low natural increase, low total population Afghanistan, pre-industrial revolution Phase 2 (Transitional): High birth rate, lowering death rate, High natural increase, and Population growth A conflict ends, better healthcare, essentially lower birth rate and same birth rate, it takes a generation to adapt people’s family planning strategies Phase 3 (Transitional): Falling birth rates, and low death rates, high natural increase, population growth People adapt family planning, but there is still population growth Phase 4 (Industrial): Low birth and death rates, low natural increase, high total population Where the birth rate is below replacement level, death rates are very low, population is not growing, but it is a huge population. Current status of US and developed countries. Cuba skipped from Phase 1 to Phase 4 in one generation Food and Population Sustaining world Population with food Thomas Malthus (British in 1800’s) Said that Food supply will increase arithmetically while human population increases geometrically We will run out of food eventually He was wrong . . . So Far Hunger is a socio-political problem, not an agricultural problem. He didn’t anticipate the increase in technologies, which led to increase per unit yields of food. Ex. Fertilizer, etc.Limits to Population Growth Limit Population growth Restrict Fertility China’s one child policy, Education of Women India, empowering women, getting them work, educating women Delay Pregnancy of women Give women work so that they can be secure about their future Women can build up wealth through savings and pension Give women occupations that are non-agricultural so that women don’t need to have children Give women a choice to have children and they will be able to restrict their